What are the symptoms of hyperkalemia?

Written by Wei Shi Liang

Intensive Care Unit

Updated on September 02, 2024

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The effects of hyperkalemia on the body mainly include the following aspects:

First, the impact on muscle tissue: mild hyperkalemia can cause slight tremors in muscles. If the potassium levels continue to rise, this can lead to decreased neuromuscular excitability, resulting in limbs becoming weak and flaccid, and even leading to delayed paralysis.

Second, the impact on the cardiac system: it can cause a decrease in myocardial excitability, conductibility, and automaticity. The electrocardiogram shows a depressed P wave, widened QRS complex, shortened QT interval, and peaked T waves.

Third, hyperkalemia affects acid-base balance and can lead to metabolic acidosis during hyperkalemia.

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Written by Chen Li Ping

Endocrinology

1min 52sec

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What are the causes of hyperkalemia?

The first reason is the excessive intake or administration of potassium, which can lead to hyperkalemia. For example, consuming foods that are very rich in potassium, or intravenously infusing solutions containing potassium. Additionally, the use of potassium salts of penicillin can also cause hyperkalemia, as well as the transfusion of stored blood, which can easily lead to hyperkalemia. Besides excessive intake and administration of potassium, diseases related to reduced excretion can also cause hyperkalemia, such as the most common instances during acute or chronic renal failure, where patients are prone to hyperkalemia. Furthermore, patients with reduced adrenal cortex function, such as aldosterone deficiency or Addison's disease, are also prone to hyperkalemia. Additionally, the use of diuretics that inhibit potassium excretion, notably spironolactone—a potassium-sparing diuretic—can also cause an increase in blood potassium levels. Another reason is a change in potassium distribution, such as when potassium moves from inside the cells to the outside, which can easily lead to hyperkalemia. This is common in cases of tissue damage, such as muscle contusion, or electrical burns, and tissue hypoxia, which also can easily lead to a change in potassium distribution, causing an increase in extracellular potassium. If hemolysis occurs in a test tube, such as if the venipuncture takes too long, or in conditions like leukocytosis or severe shaking of the blood sample, these might also lead to hyperkalemia. (The use of medications should be under the guidance of a doctor.)

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Written by Wei Shi Liang

Intensive Care Unit

1min 5sec

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Treatment of Hyperkalemia with Drugs

Hyperkalemia primarily affects the conduction of the heart and muscle nerves, with typical clinical manifestations including severe bradycardia, atrioventricular block, and even sinus arrest. Once hyperkalemia occurs clinically, immediate treatment should be administered. The first approach to treatment is promoting the excretion of potassium, using furosemide or other diuretics to increase renal potassium excretion, and taking a small dose of sodium polystyrene sulfonate orally to eliminate potassium. For life-threatening severe hyperkalemia, if serum potassium is greater than 6.5 mmol/L, hemodialysis treatment is necessary. The second aspect involves shifting potassium into cells, using calcium to alter cell excitability, which can protect the heart from the damage to the conduction system caused by hyperkalemia. Additionally, using glucose with insulin and administering sodium bicarbonate can be effective. It is important to note that all the above medications should be used under the guidance of a doctor.

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Written by Wei Shi Liang

Intensive Care Unit

1min 12sec

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What kind of urine occurs with hyperkalemia?

Primary hyperkalemia often coincides with metabolic acidosis, and in hyperkalemia-induced metabolic acidosis, paradoxical alkaline urine can occur. Once hyperkalemia occurs, it primarily affects the conduction of the heart and neuromuscular system. Typical clinical manifestations include severe bradycardia, atrioventricular conduction block, and even sinus arrest. In mild hyperkalemia, the electrocardiogram shows peaked T-waves; as potassium levels continue to rise, the PR interval prolongs, T-waves disappear, QRS complex widens, and ultimately, cardiac arrest occurs. Immediate treatment should be administered upon diagnosis to promote the excretion of potassium, maximizing the renal excretion capacity with diuretics. If drug-induced potassium excretion does not normalize levels and serum potassium exceeds 6.5 mmol/L, hemodialysis may be necessary. Additionally, some drugs can be used to shift potassium into the cells and protect cardiac function. (The use of any medication should be under the guidance of a doctor.)

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Written by Luo Han Ying

Endocrinology

1min 12sec

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What should not be eaten with hyperkalemia?

Potassium is an important element in human blood. Typically, the electrolytes we measure in blood tests include sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Both low and high levels of potassium can have adverse effects on the body, especially hyperkalemia, which can cause sudden cardiac arrest and is considered dangerous in clinical settings. Patients with normal kidney function are less likely to develop hyperkalemia, which is more commonly seen in those who may have consumed Chinese herbal medicines containing high amounts of potassium for a long time. In patients with renal insufficiency, due to impaired kidney excretory function, hyperkalemia occurs more easily. Patients with hyperkalemia should generally avoid ACE inhibitors and ARB medications. For example, drugs like ACE inhibitors and spironolactone can further exacerbate hyperkalemia, so these types of medications are definitely not advisable. (The use of medications should be under the guidance of a professional doctor.)

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Written by Gan Jun

Endocrinology

59sec

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How to treat vomiting caused by hyperkalemia?

For patients with hyperkalemia, early symptoms include numbness in the limbs, weakness, muscle soreness, and paralysis. As the condition progresses, it can suppress myocardial function, reducing the tension of the myocardium and leading to slow heartbeats, and even cause arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Increased release of acetylcholine can also cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and other symptoms. Patients with this condition generally also exhibit symptoms of hyperlipidemia and metabolic acidosis. For mild cases of hyperkalemia, temporary treatment may not be necessary, and symptomatic treatment such as stopping vomiting and drinking water may be sufficient. However, in acute cases, it is recommended that the patient immediately undergo dialysis or receive diuretic injections to rapidly eliminate potassium ions from the body, and to stop consuming foods and medications that contain potassium.