The effects of hyperkalemia on the body

Written by Wei Shi Liang

Intensive Care Unit

Updated on September 02, 2024

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Hyperkalemia affects the body mainly in three aspects.

Firstly, hyperkalemia impacts muscle tissues, clinically manifesting as symptoms such as muscle tremors.

Secondly, the effect of hyperkalemia on the heart primarily manifests as decreased excitability, conductivity, and automaticity of the myocardium. It affects electrocardiograms, characterized by a depressed P wave, widened QS wave, reduced R wave, and elevated T wave.

Thirdly, hyperkalemia affects acid-base balance; during hyperkalemia, potassium efflux from cells can lead to metabolic acidosis, resulting in alkaline urine.

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Written by Zhao Xin Lan

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Causes of hyperkalemia

The causes of hyperkalemia may include: First, excessive intake, such as consuming too much high-potassium food, medications with high potassium content, including some traditional Chinese medicines, potassium penicillin, stored blood, and excessive potassium supplementation. Second, it could be due to decreased potassium excretion by the kidneys. When renal insufficiency, acute or chronic renal failure occurs, it is often accompanied by severe hyperkalemia. Third, there is also decreased potassium secretion by renal tubules. When there is a deficiency of corticosteroids, there can be degenerative, asymptomatic hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia can also occur when renal tubules are insensitive to aldosterone. Fourth, medications that reduce potassium excretion, such as the use of potassium-sparing diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclosporine, etc., can also cause hyperkalemia. Fifth, the shift of potassium from inside the cells to the extracellular fluid, which can be caused by tissue damage, hypoxia, or the use of certain medications, leading to hyperkalemia.

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Mild hyperkalemia clinical manifestations

When blood potassium exceeds 5.5 millimoles per liter, it is referred to as hyperkalemia. Clinically, mild manifestations of hyperkalemia commonly involve the cardiovascular system, including bradycardia, audible enlargement of the heart, and weakened heart sounds. The electrocardiogram may show a shortened QT interval and peaked T waves. Symptoms related to the neuromuscular system include numbness in the lips and limbs, muscle soreness, and, in severe cases, paralysis of the respiratory muscles, which can lead to suffocation. All cases of hyperkalemia present various degrees of metabolic acidosis or azotemia, among other symptoms.

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Written by Wei Shi Liang

Intensive Care Unit

45sec

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Causes of Hyperkalemia

Common causes of hyperkalemia in clinical settings include: First, it is related to excessive intake. Generally, a high-potassium diet under normal kidney function does not cause hyperkalemia. It only occurs when there is excessive or rapid intravenous potassium supplementation, or when kidney function is impaired. Second, hyperkalemia caused by reduced excretion. Common reasons include renal failure, lack of adrenocortical hormones, and primary renal tubular potassium secretion disorders, all of which can cause hyperkalemia. Third, a large transfer of potassium ions from inside the cells to the outside can also cause hyperkalemia.

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What medication is used for hyperkalemia?

Hyperkalemia is primarily treated by promoting diuresis to enhance the elimination of potassium, while calcium gluconate can also be administered intravenously to counteract the inhibitory effects of potassium on the heart. Additionally, concentrated glucose with insulin can be used to shift excess potassium ions from the blood. Sodium bicarbonate can also be used to alkalinize the blood's pH to help reduce potassium levels. All these treatments must be conducted safely. In cases of severe hyperkalemia, dialysis may be necessary. If arrhythmias, bradycardia, or myocardial depression occur, the installation of a temporary pacemaker, along with hemodialysis, may be required. (Medication should be administered under the guidance of a physician.)

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Why does hyperkalemia cause muscle weakness?

The muscles that govern movement in our body are striated muscles, and each muscle cell in striated muscles has many receptors, which we can think of as a signal receiving and transmitting station. When we need to move, the brain nerves will send a signal to this station, which then controls muscle movement. A very important ion in muscle movement is the calcium ion. There is a receptor for calcium ions on our muscle cells, and it is related to the concentration of blood potassium. When the concentration of blood potassium is too low, a condition known as hypokalemia, or too high, known as hyperkalemia, the calcium ion receptor will be inhibited. At this point, our muscles will exhibit symptoms of muscle weakness.