The effects of hyperkalemia on the body

Written by Wei Shi Liang

Intensive Care Unit

Updated on September 02, 2024

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Hyperkalemia affects the body mainly in three aspects.

Firstly, hyperkalemia impacts muscle tissues, clinically manifesting as symptoms such as muscle tremors.

Secondly, the effect of hyperkalemia on the heart primarily manifests as decreased excitability, conductivity, and automaticity of the myocardium. It affects electrocardiograms, characterized by a depressed P wave, widened QS wave, reduced R wave, and elevated T wave.

Thirdly, hyperkalemia affects acid-base balance; during hyperkalemia, potassium efflux from cells can lead to metabolic acidosis, resulting in alkaline urine.

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Written by Zhao Xin Lan

Endocrinology

46sec

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Clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia

The clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia are not specific. Early symptoms often include numbness in the limbs, sensory abnormalities, extreme fatigue, and muscle pain. In severe cases, there can be difficulties in swallowing, speaking, and breathing, paralysis of the limbs, and tendon reflexes may disappear. The central nervous system may show signs of restlessness, fainting, and confusion. Some may experience a slow heart rate, ventricular fibrillation, and in the most severe cases, it can lead to cardiac arrest. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal symptoms.

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Written by Wei Shi Liang

Intensive Care Unit

57sec

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Hyperkalemia can be seen in which diseases?

Hyperkalemia is a condition where the serum potassium concentration exceeds 5.5 millimoles per liter. Common causes include excessive intake of potassium, such as high-dose potassium penicillin intravenous infusion, ingestion of potassium-containing medications, or transfusion of large amounts of stored blood, all of which can lead to hyperkalemia. Additionally, patients with renal failure who experience oliguria or anuria may have reduced potassium excretion. In such cases, inappropriate potassium supplementation or the use of potassium-sparing diuretics can lead to severe hyperkalemia. Lastly, the movement of potassium from inside the cells—during metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis—causes ion exchange, leading to hydrogen ions entering the cells while potassium ions leak out, resulting in hyperkalemia.

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Written by Gan Jun

Endocrinology

59sec

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How to treat vomiting caused by hyperkalemia?

For patients with hyperkalemia, early symptoms include numbness in the limbs, weakness, muscle soreness, and paralysis. As the condition progresses, it can suppress myocardial function, reducing the tension of the myocardium and leading to slow heartbeats, and even cause arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Increased release of acetylcholine can also cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and other symptoms. Patients with this condition generally also exhibit symptoms of hyperlipidemia and metabolic acidosis. For mild cases of hyperkalemia, temporary treatment may not be necessary, and symptomatic treatment such as stopping vomiting and drinking water may be sufficient. However, in acute cases, it is recommended that the patient immediately undergo dialysis or receive diuretic injections to rapidly eliminate potassium ions from the body, and to stop consuming foods and medications that contain potassium.

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Written by Wei Shi Liang

Intensive Care Unit

59sec

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Common Causes of Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia is when the serum potassium concentration exceeds 5.5 millimoles per liter. Common causes include excessive potassium intake and large doses of potassium salts, which can lead to hyperkalemia, as well as the use of stored blood. Another cause is reduced potassium excretion; in patients with renal insufficiency, reduced urine output or anuria leads to decreased renal potassium excretion. If potassium supplementation is inappropriate at this time, or if potassium-sparing diuretics are used, severe hyperkalemia can occur. Another scenario is the leakage of intracellular potassium during respiratory and metabolic acidosis, where sodium ion exchange occurs in cells, hydrogen ions enter the cells, and potassium ions leak out to the extracellular space, which can lead to increased blood potassium. These are the common causes of hyperkalemia.

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Written by Wei Shi Liang

Intensive Care Unit

49sec

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What are the symptoms of hyperkalemia?

The effects of hyperkalemia on the body mainly include the following aspects: First, the impact on muscle tissue: mild hyperkalemia can cause slight tremors in muscles. If the potassium levels continue to rise, this can lead to decreased neuromuscular excitability, resulting in limbs becoming weak and flaccid, and even leading to delayed paralysis. Second, the impact on the cardiac system: it can cause a decrease in myocardial excitability, conductibility, and automaticity. The electrocardiogram shows a depressed P wave, widened QRS complex, shortened QT interval, and peaked T waves. Third, hyperkalemia affects acid-base balance and can lead to metabolic acidosis during hyperkalemia.