Hand, foot, and mouth disease is spread through:

Written by Yan Xin Liang
Pediatrics
Updated on September 26, 2024
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Hand, foot, and mouth disease is an infectious disease caused by enteroviruses. There are more than 20 types of enteroviruses that can cause the disease, among which Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71 are the most common. It frequently occurs in children under the age of 5 and manifests as mouth pain, loss of appetite, low fever, and small blisters or ulcers on the hands, feet, and mouth. Most affected children can recover within about a week. The main routes of transmission for hand, foot, and mouth disease can include the gastrointestinal tract, as well as respiratory transmission, and close contact such as through saliva, cough droplets, etc. Sharing utensils can also spread the disease.

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Written by Feng Hai Tao
Pediatrics
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Symptoms of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Children

The symptoms of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children primarily result from viral infections of the intestine, a common communicable disease particularly prevalent among children under five, especially those under three years of age. The symptoms can be categorized into typical cases where most children experience a sudden onset of illness, often accompanied by upper respiratory tract infection symptoms such as fever, nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. Some may also experience headaches. Additionally, rashes or vesicles may appear on the hands, feet, mouth, and buttocks, typically surrounded by inflammatory red skin with little fluid inside the vesicles. These lesions are characterized by being painless, non-itchy, non-crusted, and non-scarring. It is important to note that not all children will have simultaneous rashes on their hands, feet, and mouth areas. In severe cases, while most children experience only mild symptoms and can be isolated at home, some may develop complications involving the nervous system and impairment of respiratory and circulatory functions. This can manifest as muscle spasms, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, cardiopulmonary failure, and neurogenic pulmonary edema. Therefore, once a severe case is identified, hospitalization is recommended to prevent potential fatalities or long-term sequelae.

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Written by Yan Xin Liang
Pediatrics
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Symptoms of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children

Hand, foot, and mouth disease is an acute febrile illness caused by an intestinal virus infection. It is primarily characterized by vesicles or papulovesicular rashes on the hands, feet, mouth, and buttocks. There are over 20 types of intestinal viruses that can cause the disease, with the most common being Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71. The main symptoms include recurrent fever, although some cases may not present with fever. There may also be symptoms such as drooling, and vesicles or papulovesicular rashes on the hands, feet, mouth, and buttocks. Additionally, some patients may exhibit lethargy, limb tremors, startle reactions, and vomiting. In severe cases, symptoms can include shortness of breath and coughing up pink frothy sputum, among others.

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Written by Yan Xin Liang
Pediatrics
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How is hand, foot, and mouth disease transmitted?

Hand, foot, and mouth disease is an infectious disease caused by enteroviral infections. There are more than 20 types of enteroviruses that can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease, but the most common are Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71. The main clinical symptoms include pain in the mouth, anorexia, low fever, and the appearance of small vesicles or ulcers on the hands, feet, mouth, and other areas. Most children can recover in about a week, but a few may develop serious complications such as myocarditis, pulmonary edema, and aseptic meningitis. The general transmission routes are through the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and close contact, such as through droplets, sharing utensils, and hand-to-mouth contact, etc.

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Written by Yao Li Qin
Pediatrics
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Is hand, foot, and mouth disease serious?

Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a contagious viral infection primarily characterized by scattered vesicular or papular rashes on the hands, feet, mouth, and buttocks. It is generally a mild condition, and typical symptoms include fever and rash. It can be treated with oral medications and by taking care of oral and skin hygiene, usually healing quickly. Severe cases caused by the EV71 virus can lead to varying degrees of intracranial pressure. In such serious cases, prompt treatment with mannitol and furosemide to reduce intracranial pressure is necessary; corticosteroids may also be needed if required. For children with severe hypoxia, timely correction of oxygen deficiency is crucial, along with intravenous fluids to maintain stable blood pressure, respiration, heart rate, and microcirculation. (Please consult a professional physician for medication guidance and do not self-medicate.)

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Written by Yao Li Qin
Pediatrics
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Initial symptoms of hand, foot, and mouth disease

Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a common pediatric exanthematous disease caused by an enterovirus infection, primarily manifesting on the hands, feet, mouth, and buttocks with scattered vesicular and pustular rashes. The incubation period for hand, foot, and mouth disease generally ranges from three to five days. The initial stage of the illness may include fever and sore mouth, or discomfort in the throat, leading to reluctance in children to eat. Accompanying symptoms might include mild coughing, runny nose, and throat discomfort. During a physical examination, a doctor may observe scattered small vesicles in the mouth mucosa, or shallow ulcers that have already erupted. These are mainly found on the lingual and buccal mucosa, as well as the mucosa on the inner side of the lips and upper palate. Subsequently, rashes appear on the hands and feet, generally starting as maculopapular rashes that slowly turn into vesicular rashes. These rashes are distributed eccentrically and typically resolve on their own within two to three days without scaling, scarring, or pigmentation. The oral vesicles usually heal on their own within a week. Some children with milder cases may only exhibit rashes or vesicular pharyngitis.