What are the early symptoms of ovarian cancer?

Written by Yan Chun
Oncology
Updated on May 11, 2025
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Ovarian cancer is one of the common gynecological malignancies in women. In the early stages, symptoms are not common and are not severe. The typical symptoms mainly manifest as pain and discomfort in the lower abdomen, and some patients may feel bloating in the lower abdomen. Some patients experience an increase in vaginal discharge, some have vaginal drainage or abnormal vaginal bleeding, and others may observe abnormal changes in their menstrual cycle, such as prolonged periods or increased menstrual flow, while some may experience reduced menstruation. Besides these, there are no other symptoms in early-stage ovarian cancer patients. As the disease progresses, the patient's abdominal pain and bloating will significantly worsen, indicating that the disease has advanced to the middle or late stages.

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What tests are done for ovarian cancer screening?

In terms of ovarian cancer screening, we first start with a gynecological examination, followed by a pelvic ultrasound of the adnexa uteri in gynecology. For patients who have given birth, it is best to perform a transvaginal ultrasound of the adnexa uteri. Additionally, blood tests are performed to check the ovarian cancer tumor marker CA125, which is a tumor marker with relatively high specificity and sensitivity, especially for ovarian epithelial cancer. For such types of ovarian cancer, the CA125 level generally shows a significant increase. Therefore, during screening, this tumor marker can be checked in conjunction with a pelvic ultrasound to screen for the disease.

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Is ovarian cancer curable?

Early-stage ovarian cancer patients, meaning those without extensive ascites buildup, and without widespread implant metastasis in the pelvic and abdominal cavity, and without metastasis to distant organs like the liver and lungs. These very early-stage ovarian cancer patients can undergo radical surgery. Postoperative treatment decisions, such as whether postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy is needed, are based on the postoperative pathological report, which looks for high-risk factors for recurrence such as vascular cancer emboli or neural invasion. Through these treatment approaches, very early-stage ovarian cancer patients can achieve a cure, but this is not absolute. It's not guaranteed that every early-stage ovarian cancer patient can be cured, as there are individual differences. Clinically, if there is no recurrence or metastasis within five years, it is considered a cure.

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What causes ovarian cancer?

The causes of ovarian cancer, and its mechanism of onset, are not yet very clear. Some risk factors that have been relatively well established in relation to the occurrence of ovarian cancer include early menarche, which means starting menstruation at an earlier age, late menopause, and not having a history of pregnancy; these conditions are some of the risk factors for ovarian cancer. Additionally, the occurrence of ovarian cancer is also somewhat related to familial or genetic factors.

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Written by Gong Chun
Oncology
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Early treatment methods for ovarian cancer

The treatment methods for early-stage ovarian cancer should first and foremost include a clear diagnosis and staging. If the staging indicates an early stage, then surgical treatment can be applied. There are many surgical options available, such as cytoreductive surgery, interval debulking surgery, second-look laparotomy, and direct tumor cell reduction surgery. After the surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy can be administered for treatment.

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Oncology
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How is ovarian cancer treated?

Our treatment principle is that once an ovarian tumor is detected, surgical treatment should be performed. First and foremost, we need to confirm the diagnosis. Second, we should clarify the pathological staging of the ovarian cancer to guide the treatment. It's not a single approach; it's a comprehensive treatment plan. For example, if it is early stage and there are no surgical contraindications, we can proceed with surgical treatment. After the surgery, we can provide adjunctive chemotherapy. If surgery is not immediately feasible, we can also provide neoadjuvant therapy to reduce the stage before proceeding with ovarian cancer surgery. Moreover, there is now targeted therapy and immunotherapy for ovarian cancer, so it is a comprehensive treatment plan.