Subscribe
Tetralogy of Fallot
The most common complication of Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease, consisting of four abnormalities: ventricular septal defect, obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Several complications are prone to occur in Tetralogy of Fallot: Firstly, due to the increase in red blood cells, embolism can occur, especially cerebral embolism is the most common. Children over two years old can also develop brain abscesses. Secondly, bacterial endocarditis often occurs at sites such as the right ventricular infundibulum, pulmonary valve, or aortic valve.
Can Tetralogy of Fallot be cured?
Tetralogy of Fallot consists of four types of cardiac malformations: first, a ventricular septal defect; second, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction; third, an overriding aorta; and fourth, right ventricular hypertrophy. The main treatment for this condition is surgical repair. In recent years, there have been continual advancements in surgical procedures. Many children undergo a definitive one-stage surgery in early childhood, which can completely cure the condition. Thus, if the symptoms are mild, a definitive surgery can be performed in one stage. If the symptoms are more severe, a palliative shunt surgery may be performed first, followed by the definitive surgery when the general condition improves, and it can still be cured.
How is Tetralogy of Fallot classified in terms of severity?
Tetralogy of Fallot is a complex congenital heart disease in children, characterized early by cyanosis in the face. The severity of symptoms, which often correlate with the level of pulmonary stenosis, includes cyanosis primarily appearing in regions with abundant capillaries such as the lips, nail beds, and bulbar conjunctiva. This cyanosis worsens with crying or physical activity. Additionally, the presence of squatting behaviors is indicative of more severe conditions. Frequent squatting suggests a substantial disease burden, as bending the legs while squatting reduces the volume of venous return, thereby decreasing the cardiac load and temporarily relieving hypoxic symptoms. In severe cases, symptoms can escalate to paroxysmal respiratory distress and loss of consciousness, often triggered by nursing or vigorous crying. Such difficulties can lead to severe spells including unconsciousness and seizures, primarily due to spasm in the muscular area at the base of the pulmonary artery, causing stenosis. Early detection and treatment of these conditions are crucial to prevent manifestations of heart failure.
Can tetralogy of Fallot be detected by prenatal screening?
During prenatal check-ups for fetuses diagnosed with Tetralogy of Fallot, the condition can be detected. A four-dimensional color Doppler ultrasound can be performed in the mid-pregnancy stage, allowing observation of the fetus's development, such as the brain, kidneys, skeleton, and heart. Therefore, using four-dimensional color Doppler ultrasound checks can identify congenital heart diseases. When Tetralogy of Fallot is diagnosed, deciding whether to continue with the pregnancy or terminate it is a major concern for the pregnant woman. Cardiac malformations in the fetus can also be surgically treated after birth.
Can someone with Tetralogy of Fallot have a second child?
Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital cardiac defect that has not been found to have a definite genetic relationship, meaning no chromosomal abnormalities have been discovered. However, congenital heart disease does tend to occur within families to a certain extent, indicating some level of familial predisposition. The primary cause, however, is believed to be related to viral infections during the first three months of pregnancy or the use of certain medications. Therefore, we believe that parents of a child with Tetralogy of Fallot can consider having a second child.
Can children with Tetralogy of Fallot heal on their own?
Children with Tetralogy of Fallot cannot be cured, as this condition is a congenital disease, primarily involving vascular malformations, characterized by ventricular septal defects, overriding aorta, pulmonary hypertension, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Due to pulmonary atresia or near-atresia, leading to numerous collateral vessels, it might only present with a ventricular septal defect with shunting or mild pulmonary valve stenosis. The effectiveness of surgery for this type of Tetralogy of Fallot may not be particularly good, and the chances of a cure are very low. Therefore, for this category, early detection and surgical treatment are crucial, and it is important to enhance dietary nutrition and care in daily life, as it is prone to pulmonary infections, which can lead to serious conditions such as respiratory failure and heart failure.
Tetralogy of Fallot is caused by what?
Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease in childhood, consisting of four abnormalities: ventricular septal defect, obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, overriding aorta, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle. Congenital heart disease generally stems from abnormal cardiovascular development during the fetal period, resulting in a complex vascular malformation. The occurrence of cardiovascular malformations is mainly due to the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The causes of congenital heart disease have not been fully clarified yet, but it is important to reinforce prenatal care, especially by actively preventing viral infections early in pregnancy and avoiding certain high-risk factors related to the disease to prevent congenital heart disease in children.
Tetralogy of Fallot surgery success rate
Tetralogy of Fallot is a common cyanotic congenital heart disease in children after the age of one. It consists of four abnormalities: ventricular septal defect, obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Once Tetralogy of Fallot is diagnosed, the ultimate treatment is surgical. With the development of pediatric cardiothoracic surgery, there are no specific requirements regarding the birth month or weight of the child for the surgery, so the success rate of Tetralogy of Fallot surgery is now very high. If a child has Tetralogy of Fallot, it is crucial to seek active treatment and not to give up.
Is it normal after the complete repair of Tetralogy of Fallot?
Tetralogy of Fallot is a serious congenital heart defect characterized by a ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, and problems with right ventricular obstruction. It is a congenital disease that can cause hypoxia throughout the body, especially as age increases, the symptoms tend to worsen. After the corrective surgery for Tetralogy of Fallot, it does not mean that the patient is completely normal. Their lifespan is still somewhat impacted. They will not be like patients with simpler congenital heart diseases such as only a ventricular septal defect or atrial septal defect, who can achieve a natural lifespan. For these individuals, their lifespan is still impacted to some extent. As they age post-surgery, some complications may arise, including sudden death, and some may require a second surgery.
The main cause of hypoxic attacks in Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot is a complex congenital heart disease, characterized by ventricular septal defect, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, aorta overriding, and right ventricular hypertrophy. When the obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract is severe, pulmonary artery blood flow significantly decreases. A large amount of unoxygenated venous blood passes through the ventricular septal defect causing a right-to-left shunt, which clinically manifests as severe cyanosis and increased red blood cells, and different degrees of hypoxia in the systemic circulation. Factors that can induce hypoxic episodes in these infants include feeding, crying, emotional agitation, anemia, infection, etc. These can suddenly lead to fainting, convulsions, or even death. The main reason is generally due to a sudden muscle spasm at the narrow pulmonary artery infundibulum on top of pre-existing stenosis, causing temporary pulmonary artery obstruction and exacerbating cerebral hypoxia, thus leading to severe hypoxic attacks.