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Diabetic nephropathy
Treatment of Anemia in Diabetic Nephropathy
Compared to primary chronic nephritis, patients with diabetic nephropathy develop anemia earlier and more severely. The treatment for this type of anemia is divided into two aspects. Firstly, since it is anemia caused by renal lesions leading to a lack of erythropoietin, it is necessary to supplement erythropoietin, as well as iron and folic acid, which are raw materials for blood production, for the anemia caused by diabetic nephropathy. Additionally, patients with diabetic nephropathy are prone to malnutrition and should enhance nutritional support, especially by increasing the intake of high-quality animal protein.
Symptoms of diabetic nephropathy anemia
Patients with diabetic nephropathy who exhibit anemia indicate that they are experiencing relatively severe renal failure. Such patients may show clear clinical symptoms, such as significant edema, excessive proteinuria, and renal failure. The impaired water excretion can lead to swelling in the lower limbs and facial area. The presence of anemia causes fatigue in patients, potentially leading to chronic ischemia and hypoxia in some organs. Symptoms such as listlessness and drowsiness may occur. In the state of anemia due to diabetic nephropathy, the accumulation of metabolic waste may also affect the patient's appetite, causing poor food intake. Additionally, diabetic damage to the retinal arteries can lead to a decline in vision, or even complete blindness.
How to reduce proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy
One major characteristic of patients with diabetic nephropathy is the increase in urine protein, and some patients may even have a large amount of urine protein. The treatment of this disease is indeed quite challenging, and there are not many effective treatments available clinically. In the early stages, when the patient's serum creatinine has not exceeded 256 µmol/L, clinicians often choose ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to reduce the pressure within the glomerulus and decrease urine protein. At the same time, it is recommended for patients to use insulin to control blood sugar. However, in recent years, there has been some progress in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, such as the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, which may help reduce urine protein. (Medication should be used under the guidance of a clinician, based on the specific condition of the patient.)
How should diabetic nephropathy patients drink water?
For any kidney disease, regardless of whether it is caused by diabetes or not, the patient's water intake needs to be carefully considered. Generally, a few key points should be adhered to: First, there should be no excess accumulation of water in the patient's body. The water intake should be excreted normally through the kidneys without accumulating too much water, as excessive accumulation can increase blood pressure and even lead to pulmonary edema or heart failure. Second, if the patient's urine output decreases, water intake should be limited but not excessively, to avoid affecting the blood supply to the kidneys. Ideally, urine output should be maintained between 1000 to 2500 milliliters. Water intake should depend on urine output; if urine output is high, the patient can drink more water, but if it is low, intake should be appropriately restricted. It's necessary to weigh oneself daily to monitor changes in weight; if a large amount of water accumulates, weight will gradually increase, and at this time, water intake should be restricted.
Can people with diabetic nephropathy drink alcohol?
Diabetic nephropathy, as the name suggests, is a complication caused by diabetes that leads to kidney problems. The typical symptoms of diabetic nephropathy are significant proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia. Generally speaking, there is no particularly effective treatment for diabetic nephropathy; it can only be managed by keeping blood sugar and blood pressure under control. For patients with diabetic nephropathy, it is recommended to keep fasting blood glucose below 7, and postprandial glucose should be controlled between 8 and 10, which is considered appropriate. If hypertension is present, blood pressure should be kept below 140/80 mmHg. In terms of diet, patients with diabetic nephropathy definitely should not drink alcohol, and they should avoid sweets, fried foods, and foods high in starch. It is also important not to stay up late.
Does diabetic nephropathy hurt?
Diabetic nephropathy generally does not cause painful symptoms. Diabetic nephropathy refers to the kidney damage that results from long-term diabetes, caused by factors such as hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and an increase in advanced glycation end products. In the early stages, patients may experience an increase in kidney size and an increased glomerular filtration rate. As the condition progresses, proteinuria may occur, and it could eventually lead to severe renal failure. Throughout this process, patients typically do not experience pain because the kidneys do not have nerve innervation and therefore do not feel pain. Thus, including diabetic nephropathy, various kidney diseases and nephritis generally do not manifest with pain.
Which department to see for diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy is a kidney disease caused by diabetes. The main clinical manifestations of diabetic nephropathy usually include varying degrees of increased urine protein. Severe cases may also present with lower limb edema and reduced kidney function. As for which department to consult for diabetic nephropathy, it depends on the severity of the condition. In the early stages of diabetic nephropathy, if there is only a slight increase in urine protein and the chronic kidney disease is at stage one or two, patients can choose to see a specialist in the endocrinology department for diabetic nephropathy. Once the condition of diabetic nephropathy worsens, progressing to stage three or above of chronic kidney disease, and the patient also has significant increases in urine protein, decline in kidney function, and the onset of anemia, it is advisable to seek treatment in a nephrology department.
Symptoms of stage four diabetic nephropathy
Stage four of diabetic nephropathy indicates the presence of significant amounts of urinary protein. At this stage, patients may exhibit symptoms of nephrotic syndrome, which means the total urinary protein quantification over 24 hours may exceed 3.5 grams, and the plasma albumin level may be lower than 30 grams per liter. Due to the large amount of protein leakage, patients may experience edema, presenting as swelling of the lower limbs or eyelids, or even severe generalized swelling. In addition to edema, patients may also have pleural and abdominal effusion, leading to pulmonary edema. Excessive fluid can overburden the heart, causing heart failure, which manifests as chest tightness, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing, especially when the patient is active, these symptoms of chest tightness and shortness of breath become more pronounced.
Early signs of diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy is caused by long-term diabetes leading to damage in the small blood vessels. Generally, patients have a history of diabetes for over ten years. Diabetic nephropathy progresses through several stages. In the early stages, patients primarily exhibit microalbuminuria. Due to the presence of protein in the urine, patients may experience increased urine foam, especially noticeable with morning urination. Some patients may develop swelling in the lower limbs and around the eyelids. As the condition progresses, the amount of urine protein increases and the swelling becomes more pronounced, potentially reaching the level of nephrotic syndrome.
Which department should diabetic nephropathy patients see?
Diabetic nephropathy is damage to small blood vessels caused by diabetes, and the kidneys contain a large number of small blood vessels. Therefore, it generally takes more than ten years for diabetes to damage these small blood vessels, causing kidney lesions, proteinuria, renal failure, and other clinical manifestations. This disease can be treated in departments specializing in diabetes or endocrinology, as well as in nephrology. In the early stages of diabetic nephropathy, treatment primarily involves controlling blood sugar levels, and visiting departments like diabetes or endocrinology might be more specialized in this regard. These departments are proficient in adjusting medications for blood sugar control. When patients develop significant proteinuria, the condition progresses, and it is advisable to visit nephrology. At this point, the treatment focuses on the kidney lesions, as well as managing complications caused by diabetic nephropathy.