How is diabetic nephropathy treated?

Written by Zhou Qi
Nephrology
Updated on September 21, 2024
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The treatment of diabetic nephropathy also depends on the specific stage the patient is in. During stages one to three, the main clinical treatments include controlling blood sugar, blood pressure, and lipids. Patients with diabetes often also have these metabolic disorders, including hypertension and hyperlipidemia, which can damage the kidneys. In addition, in the early stages, some medications are often chosen to reduce the pressure on the glomeruli. For example, using ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter, these drugs can also slow the progression of kidney failure. However, if the patient's condition has progressed to stage five, which is essentially equivalent to the state of uremia, the patient will then need dialysis treatment.

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Written by Zhou Qi
Nephrology
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How is diabetic nephropathy diagnosed?

The diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy primarily relies on the clinical symptoms and medical history of the patient. Such patients often exhibit proteinuria, sometimes even severe proteinuria, and may also experience renal failure. Additionally, these patients have a history of diabetes, usually extending over ten years, followed by renal damage, and often accompanied by diabetic retinopathy. In such cases, a preliminary diagnosis can be made based on clinical features. However, there is still a risk of misdiagnosis, as the proteinuria could also be caused by other diseases affecting the glomeruli. Therefore, to confirm the diagnosis, it is best to conduct a renal biopsy, which can provide a definitive diagnosis.

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Nephrology
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How to reduce proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy

One major characteristic of patients with diabetic nephropathy is the increase in urine protein, and some patients may even have a large amount of urine protein. The treatment of this disease is indeed quite challenging, and there are not many effective treatments available clinically. In the early stages, when the patient's serum creatinine has not exceeded 256 µmol/L, clinicians often choose ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to reduce the pressure within the glomerulus and decrease urine protein. At the same time, it is recommended for patients to use insulin to control blood sugar. However, in recent years, there has been some progress in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, such as the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, which may help reduce urine protein. (Medication should be used under the guidance of a clinician, based on the specific condition of the patient.)

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Which department should diabetic nephropathy patients see?

Diabetic nephropathy is damage to small blood vessels caused by diabetes, and the kidneys contain a large number of small blood vessels. Therefore, it generally takes more than ten years for diabetes to damage these small blood vessels, causing kidney lesions, proteinuria, renal failure, and other clinical manifestations. This disease can be treated in departments specializing in diabetes or endocrinology, as well as in nephrology. In the early stages of diabetic nephropathy, treatment primarily involves controlling blood sugar levels, and visiting departments like diabetes or endocrinology might be more specialized in this regard. These departments are proficient in adjusting medications for blood sugar control. When patients develop significant proteinuria, the condition progresses, and it is advisable to visit nephrology. At this point, the treatment focuses on the kidney lesions, as well as managing complications caused by diabetic nephropathy.

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Treatment of Anemia in Diabetic Nephropathy

Compared to primary chronic nephritis, patients with diabetic nephropathy develop anemia earlier and more severely. The treatment for this type of anemia is divided into two aspects. Firstly, since it is anemia caused by renal lesions leading to a lack of erythropoietin, it is necessary to supplement erythropoietin, as well as iron and folic acid, which are raw materials for blood production, for the anemia caused by diabetic nephropathy. Additionally, patients with diabetic nephropathy are prone to malnutrition and should enhance nutritional support, especially by increasing the intake of high-quality animal protein.

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Symptoms of stage four diabetic nephropathy

Stage four of diabetic nephropathy indicates the presence of significant amounts of urinary protein. At this stage, patients may exhibit symptoms of nephrotic syndrome, which means the total urinary protein quantification over 24 hours may exceed 3.5 grams, and the plasma albumin level may be lower than 30 grams per liter. Due to the large amount of protein leakage, patients may experience edema, presenting as swelling of the lower limbs or eyelids, or even severe generalized swelling. In addition to edema, patients may also have pleural and abdominal effusion, leading to pulmonary edema. Excessive fluid can overburden the heart, causing heart failure, which manifests as chest tightness, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing, especially when the patient is active, these symptoms of chest tightness and shortness of breath become more pronounced.