How is diabetic nephropathy treated?

Written by Zhou Qi
Nephrology
Updated on September 21, 2024
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The treatment of diabetic nephropathy also depends on the specific stage the patient is in. During stages one to three, the main clinical treatments include controlling blood sugar, blood pressure, and lipids. Patients with diabetes often also have these metabolic disorders, including hypertension and hyperlipidemia, which can damage the kidneys. In addition, in the early stages, some medications are often chosen to reduce the pressure on the glomeruli. For example, using ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter, these drugs can also slow the progression of kidney failure. However, if the patient's condition has progressed to stage five, which is essentially equivalent to the state of uremia, the patient will then need dialysis treatment.

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Written by Zhou Qi
Nephrology
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Is diabetic nephropathy stage 3 reversible?

Patients with diabetic nephropathy actually have an irreversible condition. If a patient has developed mild to moderate proteinuria and entered stage three, it's generally because of long-term high blood sugar, oxidative stress, and an excess of glycation end products damaging the capillaries of the glomerulus, resulting in increased permeability and the occurrence of proteinuria. The damage that has already occurred cannot be reversed; however, patients still need active treatment to control their blood sugar and blood pressure in order to slow down the progression of diabetic nephropathy as much as possible. Stage three diabetic nephropathy is incurable, but treatment can slow the progression of the kidney disease, preventing the development from microalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria. Stage three refers to the early period of diabetic nephropathy, typically seen in diabetic patients who have had the disease for more than five years. It can feature a continuous increase in urinary albumin excretion rates. High filtration rates and long-term poor metabolic control may be reasons for the persistent microalbuminuria. During this stage, patients may experience a mild increase in blood pressure, and reducing blood pressure can decrease the excretion of microalbumin. During this period, strict control of blood sugar is necessary. Oral hypoglycemic drugs can be used for treatment, and it's crucial to regularly monitor fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin. Blood pressure should also be actively controlled, generally targeting a value of 130/80mmHg. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists are preferred as they can lower blood pressure, reduce proteinuria, and have a protective effect on the kidneys, thus delaying the progression of kidney disease.

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Written by Pan Wu Shan
Nephrology
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What can diabetic nephropathy eat?

Diabetic nephropathy, as the name suggests, is a complication of the kidneys caused by long-term poor control of blood sugar in diabetes. Its most typical symptoms include significant proteinuria and potential body edema. Generally, there is no particularly good method to treat diabetic nephropathy; firstly, it is necessary to control blood sugar well, ensuring that fasting blood glucose does not exceed 7 mmol/L, and blood glucose two hours after a meal does not exceed 10 mmol/L. Additionally, some kidney-protective measures can be used to reduce urinary protein, etc. Furthermore, foods high in sugar, fried foods, and those high in starch should be avoided, such as potatoes, taro, sweet potatoes, and vermicelli, all of which should be consumed less.

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Nephrology
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Can diabetic nephropathy undergo kidney transplantation?

Diabetic nephropathy has now become the leading cause of uremia in China, accounting for the largest proportion. In the 1980s and 1990s, chronic nephritis was the most common cause of uremia in China. Over the past decade, diabetic nephropathy has gradually surpassed chronic nephritis and become the leading condition. This condition requires dialysis or a kidney transplant when it progresses to uremia. Patients with diabetic nephropathy in a uremic state can undergo a kidney transplant. After the transplant, these patients still need to use medications to control their blood sugar and blood pressure, to prevent high blood sugar and high blood pressure from further damaging the new kidney. Of course, if conditions allow, performing a combined kidney and pancreas transplant might yield better results.

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Written by Zhou Qi
Nephrology
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Symptoms of stage four diabetic nephropathy

Stage four of diabetic nephropathy indicates the presence of significant amounts of urinary protein. At this stage, patients may exhibit symptoms of nephrotic syndrome, which means the total urinary protein quantification over 24 hours may exceed 3.5 grams, and the plasma albumin level may be lower than 30 grams per liter. Due to the large amount of protein leakage, patients may experience edema, presenting as swelling of the lower limbs or eyelids, or even severe generalized swelling. In addition to edema, patients may also have pleural and abdominal effusion, leading to pulmonary edema. Excessive fluid can overburden the heart, causing heart failure, which manifests as chest tightness, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing, especially when the patient is active, these symptoms of chest tightness and shortness of breath become more pronounced.

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What foods should be eaten for diabetic nephropathy?

Diabetic nephropathy is essentially a complication of the kidneys caused by diabetes, characterized by a history of diabetes for at least five to ten years, with very poor blood sugar control, leading to diabetic nephropathy. The main clinical manifestation is a large amount of proteinuria. Typically, patients will have a large amount of urinary protein, even exceeding 3.5 grams, and some patients may also experience swelling in the lower limbs, among other symptoms. Currently, dietary considerations for diabetic nephropathy mainly include a low-salt, low-fat, high-quality protein diet, and a diabetic diet. Avoid eating foods high in starch, such as potatoes, peanuts, Chinese yam, taro, etc., and also avoid foods high in sugar. Cucumbers, bitter melon, celery, and tomatoes are all good options to consider.