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Yan Xin Liang
Pediatrics
About me
Graduated from Nanhua University, engaged in pediatric work for over 10 years, and have further studied at Hunan Children's Hospital, Xiangya Hospital, and Beijing Children's Hospital.
Proficient in diseases
Diagnosis and treatment of common diseases in pediatric internal medicine, especially skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric respiratory system and neurological diseases, such as pediatric convulsions, epilepsy, asthma, and lung infections...
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How to guide diet for children with diarrhea
Childhood diarrhea is often an inflammation of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Therefore, during this process, it is necessary to ensure the diet is light and easy to digest. If the child is breastfed, the mother's diet should also be light and easy to digest, avoiding greasy, spicy, and irritating foods. Meanwhile, if the child is formula-fed, it is recommended to use diarrhea-specific formula. This is because many babies' diarrhea is related to lactose intolerance, poor protein digestion, or milk protein allergies, among other causes. Therefore, if considering these factors, it is advised to feed hydrolyzed protein formula or diarrhea-specific formula, and supplementary foods like thin porridge, noodles, or rice paste can be added. Avoid greasy foods and eggs temporarily.
Symptoms of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children
Hand, foot, and mouth disease is an acute febrile illness caused by an intestinal virus infection. It is primarily characterized by vesicles or papulovesicular rashes on the hands, feet, mouth, and buttocks. There are over 20 types of intestinal viruses that can cause the disease, with the most common being Coxsackievirus A16 and Enterovirus 71. The main symptoms include recurrent fever, although some cases may not present with fever. There may also be symptoms such as drooling, and vesicles or papulovesicular rashes on the hands, feet, mouth, and buttocks. Additionally, some patients may exhibit lethargy, limb tremors, startle reactions, and vomiting. In severe cases, symptoms can include shortness of breath and coughing up pink frothy sputum, among others.
How to treat a baby's cold in the early stages?
What are the symptoms at the onset of a cold? Generally, at the initial stage of a cold, we definitely experience symptoms such as a runny nose, nasal congestion, low-grade fever, and slight coughing. If it's just a runny nose and nasal congestion, in this case, we can take some antiviral medications, some proprietary Chinese medicines, and also provide some acetaminophen chlorpheniramine granules to relieve these symptoms of runny nose and nasal congestion. If there is a cough, appropriate cough suppressant medication can be taken orally. At the same time, pay attention to body temperature; if there is a fever, fever reduction measures should be taken. If it is a low-grade fever, physical cooling should be the main approach. If the body temperature exceeds 38.5 degrees Celsius, oral ibuprofen or acetaminophen can be administered. Also, pay attention to the child's mental response and other conditions.
Tetralogy of Fallot is caused by what?
Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease in childhood, consisting of four abnormalities: ventricular septal defect, obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, overriding aorta, and hypertrophy of the right ventricle. Congenital heart disease generally stems from abnormal cardiovascular development during the fetal period, resulting in a complex vascular malformation. The occurrence of cardiovascular malformations is mainly due to the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The causes of congenital heart disease have not been fully clarified yet, but it is important to reinforce prenatal care, especially by actively preventing viral infections early in pregnancy and avoiding certain high-risk factors related to the disease to prevent congenital heart disease in children.
Symptoms of childhood lupus
Childhood systemic lupus erythematosus generally presents similarly to adults. It is a relatively common systemic autoimmune disease, more commonly seen in girls than boys. It involves multiple autoantibodies primarily including antinuclear antibodies and widespread small arteriole pathology, affecting multiple systems. Clinically, it can manifest with fever, skin lesions, such as butterfly rash on the face, as well as damage to the joints, kidneys, liver, heart, serous membranes, and a reduction in all blood cells. Generally, the ratio of females to males ranges from about 6:1 to 9:1. The prognosis of this disease is generally poor.
How to diagnose phenylketonuria?
Phenylketonuria is a treatable hereditary metabolic disease, where our primary goal is early diagnosis and treatment. Currently, a universal newborn screening system has been widely implemented. The standard procedure requires that after three days of breastfeeding, peripheral blood is collected from the newborn's heel, dropped onto specialized blood collection filter paper, and, once dried, sent to a screening laboratory to measure the phenylalanine concentration. If the phenylalanine concentration exceeds the cutoff value, further differential diagnosis and confirmation are conducted. Treatment typically starts two to three weeks after birth, and the prognosis is good. Additionally, diagnostic tests for phenylketonuria include urine ferric chloride, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine tests, urinary purine profile analysis, and tetrahydrobiopterin loading test. Another method is through DNA analysis.
What should be paid attention to regarding breastfeeding for children with roseola?
Roseola infantum, also known as exanthem subitum, is an acute febrile infectious disease caused by human herpesvirus type 6 or type 7. The main clinical manifestation is a sudden high fever that typically resolves after 3 to 5 days, followed by a rash. The rash, usually a skin rash, dissipates after about 2 days. If the child is breastfed, breastfeeding can continue. However, since it is a viral infection causing the fever and rash, the mother should consume a light and easily digestible diet to avoid burdening the baby's gastrointestinal tract. In addition, it is beneficial for the baby to drink plenty of warm water to aid in recovery from the illness.
Pertussis prone age group
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. The main age group affected by this disease are infants and young children, with the highest susceptibility seen in children under five years old, particularly infants younger than one year. The incidence of this disease has significantly decreased due to the widespread implementation of pertussis vaccination. Clinically, the disease is characterized by a cough that gradually worsens, presenting as typical paroxysmal, frequent coughing, and frothy sputum, with a crowing echo in the cough. The course of the disease can last up to three months.
Children's diarrhea is divided into two major categories.
Childhood diarrhea is categorized into infectious and non-infectious diarrhea. Common infectious diarrhea is caused by infections from bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Non-infectious diarrhea often includes allergic diarrhea, diarrhea caused by food intolerance, and diarrhea due to lactose intolerance. Less commonly, some malignant diseases can cause gastrointestinal dysfunction leading to diarrhea. Among children, infectious diarrhea is more prevalent, especially viral diarrhea caused by rotavirus during the summer and autumn seasons. Additionally, bacterial infections such as those caused by Escherichia coli and Shigella (bacterial dysentery), often related to poor hand hygiene, are examples of infectious diarrhea.
Clinical manifestations of pediatric diarrhea
Childhood diarrhea is caused by a variety of pathogens and factors, characterized primarily by diarrhea. Key features include increased stool frequency and changes in stool characteristics, possibly accompanied by fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, and varying degrees of electrolyte and acid-base imbalances. The pathogens involved can be viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, etc. Additionally, factors like the misuse of antibiotics leading to intestinal flora imbalance, improper feeding, and getting chilled can also cause it. Symptoms can vary from mild to severe diarrhea. Generally, mild diarrhea primarily involves gastrointestinal symptoms and may accompany vomiting or poor appetite, with increased stool frequency and changes in stool characteristics, but no significant dehydration or systemic acidosis, usually recovering within a few days. Severe diarrhea is often an acute condition that can develop from mild diarrhea, presenting more severe gastrointestinal symptoms as well as noticeable dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and systemic toxicity symptoms such as fever, lethargy, drowsiness, and shock.