Prostate cancer IV is stage 4.

Written by Cui Fang Bo
Oncology
Updated on November 09, 2024
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Prostate cancer stage IV refers to stage four prostate cancer, which is a common type of male reproductive organ tumor, particularly prevalent among elderly men. Stage four prostate cancer means that the tumor is not confined to the prostate and has already shown corresponding distant metastasis. The most common sites of metastasis for prostate cancer are the bones, followed by the lungs, liver, and others. When metastasis of prostate cancer occurs, it is considered to be at a late stage, and the primary treatments include endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, etc., with a poor prognosis.

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Endocrine therapy after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer is equivalent to adjuvant endocrine therapy for prostate cancer. Its purpose is to treat residual lesions, positive residual lymph nodes, and microscopic metastatic foci, thereby improving long-term survival rates. Currently, the indications for adjuvant endocrine therapy are based on postoperative pathology-positive results, positive lymph nodes post-surgery, and postoperative pathology confirmation of stage T3 or T4, but with high-risk factors. According to major guidelines, the duration of adjuvant endocrine therapy should be at least eighteen months.

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Is vomiting in prostate cancer due to metastasis to the liver?

Patients with prostate cancer may experience vomiting due to the metastasis of the disease to the liver, causing damage to liver function. However, vomiting could also be caused by other reasons, such as the metastasis of prostate cancer to the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity. Clinically, this can lead to cancerous intestinal obstruction, with symptoms commonly including vomiting, abdominal pain, bloating, reduced bowel movements and gas, or cessation of bowel movements and gas. When prostate cancer metastasizes to the brain, the increased intracranial pressure can also cause symptoms such as vomiting, headache, swelling of the optic disc, hemiplegia, and aphasia. Additionally, some prostate cancer patients may experience vomiting due to toxic side effects from treatments such as chemotherapy and targeted therapy.

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What are the symptoms of bone metastasis from prostate cancer?

Bone metastasis is the most common site of metastasis for prostate cancer, with the lumbar vertebrae being the most common site. Eighty percent of bone metastases in prostate cancer are osteoblastic changes. The main symptoms caused by bone metastasis are bone pain, pathological fractures, anemia, and if the spinal cord is compressed, it can cause paralysis of the lower limbs, weakness, incontinence, and other symptoms.

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The treatment principles of prostate cancer vary with different stages. For clinical stage T1-T2N0M0 prostate cancer, which is early-stage, patients can choose radical prostatectomy or radical radiotherapy. For patients with locally advanced prostate cancer, specifically staged T3 or T4 but without lymph node or distant metastasis, options include radiotherapy combined with hormonal therapy or solely hormonal therapy. For patients with distant metastasis, which indicates advanced-stage prostate cancer, treatment primarily involves hormonal therapy. If hormonal therapy fails, chemotherapy may be utilized. Additionally, for pain caused by bone metastasis, local radiotherapy or radionuclide therapy can be integrated into the comprehensive treatment approach.

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androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer

Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer includes surgical castration, which can quickly and continuously reduce levels to very low levels. The second is medical castration, which involves the use of analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Currently available products include leuprolide, goserelin, and triptorelin. Third, estrogen therapy, with diethylstilbestrol being the most common estrogen treatment. Surgical castration, medical castration, or estrogen therapy offer similar progression-free survival rates in patients with tumor-related outcomes.