What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?

Written by Liu Liang
Oncology
Updated on June 28, 2025
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Patients with early-stage prostate cancer do not exhibit obvious clinical symptoms. In the advanced stage of the disease, symptoms such as obstruction of the bladder outlet or the ureters can occur, manifesting as difficulty urinating, poor urine flow, frequent urination, hematuria, or purulent urine. Additionally, most prostate cancer patients are prone to multiple bone metastases, which cause pain at the sites of metastasis. This is also a common clinical symptom.

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androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer

Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer includes surgical castration, which can quickly and continuously reduce levels to very low levels. The second is medical castration, which involves the use of analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Currently available products include leuprolide, goserelin, and triptorelin. Third, estrogen therapy, with diethylstilbestrol being the most common estrogen treatment. Surgical castration, medical castration, or estrogen therapy offer similar progression-free survival rates in patients with tumor-related outcomes.

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The difference between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.

Prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer are sometimes very difficult to distinguish clinically, as both diseases occur in elderly men, can cause lower urinary tract symptoms, and lead to elevated PSA levels. However, prostatic hyperplasia generally has a longer medical history, whereas prostate cancer has a shorter history and progresses more quickly. During a digital rectal exam for prostatic hyperplasia, the gland appears enlarged and the surface is smooth. In contrast, during a prostate exam, the gland may show irregular enlargement, a rough surface, and the tumor feels firm. When these two are difficult to distinguish, considering a prostate biopsy may be advisable.

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Oncology
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How is prostate cancer treated?

The treatment principles of prostate cancer vary with different stages. For clinical stage T1-T2N0M0 prostate cancer, which is early-stage, patients can choose radical prostatectomy or radical radiotherapy. For patients with locally advanced prostate cancer, specifically staged T3 or T4 but without lymph node or distant metastasis, options include radiotherapy combined with hormonal therapy or solely hormonal therapy. For patients with distant metastasis, which indicates advanced-stage prostate cancer, treatment primarily involves hormonal therapy. If hormonal therapy fails, chemotherapy may be utilized. Additionally, for pain caused by bone metastasis, local radiotherapy or radionuclide therapy can be integrated into the comprehensive treatment approach.

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Written by Liu Liang
Oncology
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Is prostate cancer prone to metastasis?

Bone metastasis in prostate cancer is very common clinically, and most prostate cancer patients are often diagnosed with multiple bone metastases, making bone metastasis very likely in prostate cancer. However, metastasis to other organs, such as distant organs like the lungs and liver, can also occur, but they are relatively rare. It is usually patients with very advanced prostate cancer who might experience metastases to other distant organs. Additionally, it is common for there to be local spread and invasion in the pelvic area, such as invasion into pelvic organs like the bladder and rectum.

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Written by Liu Liang
Oncology
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Is there a treatment for prostate cancer?

The treatment methods for prostate cancer include surgery, radical surgery, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, and chemotherapy. The choice of treatment is related to the stage of the cancer, as different stages require different treatment plans. Early-stage prostate cancer patients can choose radical surgery or radical radiotherapy. For patients with advanced prostate cancer, the first choice of treatment is endocrine therapy, and chemotherapy can be used after endocrine therapy fails, or some palliative radiotherapy, etc., depending on the specific situation.