Rectal cancer stage III

Written by Liu Liang

Oncology

Updated on September 11, 2024

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Rectal cancer staging is based on the TNM system. "T" refers to the primary tumor, and its stage depends on which layer of the bowel wall the tumor has invaded. "N" is based on whether there are lymph node metastases and the number of lymph nodes involved. "M" indicates whether there are metastases to distant organs. Staging is determined according to the TNM situation, where Stage I is the earliest and Stage IV is the latest. Stage III indicates lymph node metastasis without distant organ metastases, such as to the liver or lungs. In such cases, irrespective of whether T is T1 to T4, if there is lymph node involvement without distant organ metastasis, it is staged as Stage III.

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What is the best food to eat after rectal cancer surgery?

For malignant tumors and colorectal cancer, the suggested dietary recommendations after surgery include, first and foremost, consuming nutritious foods to replenish the nutrients depleted by the surgery and the tumor. It is advisable to eat more nutritional items. Secondly, after surgery for rectal cancer, it's important to avoid hard-to-digest and gas-producing foods such as beans, milk, and eggs. Thirdly, it is recommended to consume easily digestible items like soups and nutritious porridge. The fourth recommendation is to avoid spicy and irritating foods, and abstain from alcohol and smoking.

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Symptoms of rectal cancer recurrence

The symptoms of rectal cancer recurrence can include changes in bowel habits and stool characteristics, possibly presenting as rectal bleeding, increased frequency of bowel movements, a sensation of heaviness in the anus, and changes in stool shape, such as narrowing. The second symptom may be abdominal pain, particularly persistent and subtle pain. The third symptom involves palpable abdominal lumps or masses, especially with right-sided colon cancer. The fourth symptom is intestinal obstruction, which can occur if the bowel is blocked due to the recurrence of rectal cancer, leading to symptoms of intestinal obstruction. The fifth symptom, if the recurrent rectal cancer has metastasized, may lead to symptoms at the respective metastatic sites.

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Early symptoms of rectal cancer

The early symptoms of rectal cancer generally include five main signs: The first early symptom is bloody stool, which is the earliest and most common symptom of rectal cancer. The second symptom is mucous bloody stool. Large cauliflower-like tumor masses generally secrete a large amount of mucus, which can cause mucous bloody stool. The third is a change in bowel habits. What does a change in bowel habits mean? It means that sometimes there can be diarrhea, sometimes constipation, or an alternation of constipation and diarrhea, indicating a change in bowel habits. There can even be changes in the shape of the stool, which is the third symptom. The fourth symptom is a feeling of heaviness or fullness in the perineum or anus. The fifth symptom can cause abdominal pain. It can cause pain in the lower abdomen, a sensation of a foreign body in the intestine, and even bloating. For instance, constipation can lead to difficulty in passing stool, which in turn can cause bloating and abdominal pain. These are primarily the five early symptoms.

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What are the differences between colon cancer and rectal cancer?

The fundamental difference between colon cancer and rectal cancer lies in their locations of occurrence. Both are collectively referred to as colorectal cancer, which is one of the more prevalent malignancies of the digestive system in China. Colon cancer originates from the mucosa of the colon, while rectal cancer originates from the mucosa of the rectum, with different points of origin. In terms of treatment, there are significant differences between colon and rectal cancer. In surgical treatment, both cancers typically require surgery as the first choice. However, patients with colon cancer can preserve their anus, whereas some patients with low rectal cancer might face situations where anus preservation is not possible. In internal medicine, the chemotherapy drugs used for colon and rectal cancer are quite similar. In terms of radiation therapy, there are notable differences; radiation treatment is generally not included for colon cancer but is an important treatment method for rectal cancer.

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What tests are used to check for rectal cancer?

When clinical symptoms such as diarrhea or constipation, changes in bowel habits, bloody stools, and abdominal pain occur, we should be vigilant about the possibility of rectal cancer. The examination for rectal cancer can start with a digital rectal exam, especially for low-lying rectal cancer, which is closer to the anus; these tumors can be detected through this method. Then, a colonoscopy should be performed to take a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis, which is the gold standard for confirmation. Additionally, blood tests for tumor markers can be conducted. Generally, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA199 levels may be elevated, but this is not absolute as their specificity and sensitivity are not very high. An enhanced CT scan of the abdomen can also be done. In such scans, we can see thickening of the intestinal wall where the tumor is located, and the enhancement can show the intensified thickening of the intestinal wall. Combining all these methods can confirm the diagnosis of rectal cancer.