Viral encephalitis and bacterial encephalitis differences

Written by Zhang Hui

Neurology

Updated on September 01, 2024

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There are significant differences between viral encephalitis and bacterial encephalitis in clinical settings.

Firstly, their clinical symptoms differ; the fever in viral encephalitis is generally lower than that in bacterial encephalitis, where there may be widespread chills and persistent high fever.

From another perspective, laboratory tests also help differentiate the two. In viral encephalitis, a routine blood test shows no increase in white blood cells, mainly an increase in the proportion of lymphocytes. In contrast, bacterial encephalitis is characterized by a significant increase in white blood cells, which aids in distinguishing the two.

Furthermore, an essential diagnostic tool is the lumbar puncture, through which cerebrospinal fluid can be tested. In viral encephalitis, the white blood cell count in the cerebrospinal fluid is slightly increased; in bacterial encephalitis, it is significantly increased. The cerebrospinal fluid in viral encephalitis has a slight increase in protein content with no significant change in chloride levels; however, in bacterial encephalitis, the protein content in the cerebrospinal fluid is notably higher, and there is a significant decrease in chloride levels.

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Written by Zhang Hui

Neurology

1min 23sec

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How to relieve headache from encephalitis

Encephalitis is mainly divided into viral encephalitis, bacterial encephalitis, and tubercular meningitis, among others. Encephalitis usually causes patients to experience fever, headache, nausea, and vomiting. The cause of headaches includes the pain response due to inflammation stimulating the meninges. Moreover, these infections can cause an increase in intracranial pressure, leading to significant symptoms in patients such as headache, nausea, and vomiting. To alleviate headaches, it is important to actively treat the primary disease. This includes administering antiviral drugs for viral infections, and antibiotics for bacterial infections. If the headache is caused by increased intracranial pressure, it is crucial to actively administer dehydrating agents and drugs that lower intracranial pressure to reduce it, thereby relieving the headache. Additionally, the use of glucocorticoids can be combined to manage the treatment, suppress the inflammatory response, and alleviate pain. If the pain is significant, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may also be administered to relieve the pain. The treatment of pain in encephalitis is a comprehensive issue that requires addressing the pathogen, dehydration, reduction of intracranial pressure, and symptomatic treatment.

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Written by Zhang Hui

Neurology

1min 20sec

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How is encephalitis caused?

Encephalitis generally occurs when pathogens invade the central nervous system of the brain, resulting in corresponding clinical manifestations. Patients may exhibit symptoms such as headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, and even paralysis of limbs and cognitive impairments. Patients become confused, with reduced computational and comprehension abilities. Some may also exhibit psychiatric symptoms and even experience seizures and other manifestations of epilepsy. Encephalitis is caused by pathogens, commonly viruses. Viral infections that lead to what is known as viral encephalitis can spread through the bloodstream to the brain and cause illness. Additionally, bacterial infections can also cause encephalitis. There are mainly two routes for bacterial infections: one is through bloodstream transmission leading to inflammation of the nervous system, and the other can occur directly, for example, from inflammation of the mastoids, tonsils, or cavernous sinus, where bacteria directly invade the brain, leading to the respective clinical manifestations. Furthermore, tuberculosis can also infect and cause tuberculous encephalitis, meningitis, and similar conditions.

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Written by Tang Li Li

Neurology

1min 46sec

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How is encephalitis caused?

Encephalitis generally falls into two categories: one is infectious inflammation caused by pathogenic infections, and the other is immune inflammation caused by abnormalities in immune mechanisms. Among these, the infectious type is the most common, including viral encephalitis, viral meningitis, tuberculous meningoencephalitis, purulent meningitis, and cryptococcal meningitis, which are associated with infections by viruses, bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Cryptococcus, respectively. Additionally, abnormalities in the immune system often cause autoimmune encephalitis, as well as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica when involving the brain, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, all of which are types of autoimmune encephalitis. The treatment approaches for these two types of encephalitis are different. For pathogen-induced cases, treatment primarily targets the pathogens: antiviral drugs for viral encephalitis, antibiotics for bacterial encephalitis, anti-tubercular therapy involving multiple drugs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and antifungal drugs, such as amphotericin B, for cryptococcal meningitis. For immune-mediated encephalitis, treatments generally involve immunosuppressants, high-dose corticosteroids, or intravenous immunoglobulins.

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Written by Zhang Hui

Neurology

1min 10sec

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What tests are done for pediatric encephalitis?

Some auxiliary examinations are very necessary for pediatric encephalitis, which help in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of encephalitis. The main tests generally include the following: First, an electroencephalogram (EEG), which is the most commonly used examination. It is safe, non-invasive, and relatively accurate. Children with encephalitis will show light to moderate abnormalities in the EEG. Combined with the patient's history of fever and headache, it has important clinical significance for the diagnosis of encephalitis. The second important examination is cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). If the encephalitis is severe, pathological changes in the cerebrospinal fluid can be seen on MRI. The third very important examination is lumbar puncture. Lumbar puncture can mainly determine the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid, the color of the cerebrospinal fluid, and analyze the levels of white blood cells, glucose, and chloride in the cerebrospinal fluid. This is crucial for diagnosing encephalitis and excluding other types of encephalitis.

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Written by Zhang Hui

Neurology

1min 19sec

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Viral encephalitis and bacterial encephalitis differences

There are significant differences between viral encephalitis and bacterial encephalitis in clinical settings. Firstly, their clinical symptoms differ; the fever in viral encephalitis is generally lower than that in bacterial encephalitis, where there may be widespread chills and persistent high fever. From another perspective, laboratory tests also help differentiate the two. In viral encephalitis, a routine blood test shows no increase in white blood cells, mainly an increase in the proportion of lymphocytes. In contrast, bacterial encephalitis is characterized by a significant increase in white blood cells, which aids in distinguishing the two. Furthermore, an essential diagnostic tool is the lumbar puncture, through which cerebrospinal fluid can be tested. In viral encephalitis, the white blood cell count in the cerebrospinal fluid is slightly increased; in bacterial encephalitis, it is significantly increased. The cerebrospinal fluid in viral encephalitis has a slight increase in protein content with no significant change in chloride levels; however, in bacterial encephalitis, the protein content in the cerebrospinal fluid is notably higher, and there is a significant decrease in chloride levels.