What should be noted in the diet for hyperkalemia?

Written by Luo Juan
Endocrinology
Updated on April 17, 2025
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In cases of hyperkalemia, it is important to avoid eating foods high in potassium, such as corn, lettuce, carp, eel, lamb, beef, pork, as well as dates, bananas, and others. These foods are rich in potassium and should be consumed less or not at all. Additionally, a diet high in sugar and fat should be provided, or some intravenous nutrition may be used, to ensure sufficient caloric intake and prevent the release of potassium from metabolic breakdown, which could lead to an increase in blood potassium levels. Also, it is important to avoid certain medications high in potassium, such as traditional Chinese medicines. (Medication use should be under the guidance of a professional doctor.)

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Written by Zhang Jun Jun
Endocrinology
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Can hyperkalemia be cured?

Hyperkalemia is treatable. The first cause of hyperkalemia is an excess of potassium, mainly seen in reduced renal excretion and excessive potassium intake, such as the infusion of a large volume of stored blood. In this case, diuretics can be used to increase the excretion of potassium. For cases of excessive potassium intake and excessive transfusion of stored blood, treatment options include diuresis and the use of glucose with insulin to lower potassium levels, or even treatment with sodium bicarbonate. In cases of shift hyperkalemia, primarily seen in hemolysis and septic shock, dialysis can be used to reduce hyperkalemia while simultaneously treating the underlying disease. The third type is concentration hyperkalemia and severe hemorrhagic shock, which causes a reduction in blood volume leading to blood concentration and relative hyperkalemia. Treatment of the primary disease first is advisable, and typically, the high blood potassium can self-correct after the primary disease is cured. There is also a condition known as pseudohyperkalemia, for example, prolonged storage of drawn blood can cause hemolysis within the tube, poor venipuncture technique, thrombocytosis, and leukocytosis can all lead to pseudo-hyperkalemia. In these cases, re-drawing blood multiple times to verify the potassium levels can address this issue. Therefore, hyperkalemia is treatable.

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What are the causes of hyperkalemia?

Hyperkalemia, with blood potassium levels greater than 5.5 mmol/L, commonly occurs due to decreased potassium excretion or abnormal potassium transport within cells, as well as other reasons such as excessive intake. Decreased potassium excretion can commonly be due to renal failure, the use of potassium-sparing diuretics, renal tubular acidosis, and reduced secretion of corticosteroid aldosterone. Abnormal potassium transport includes conditions such as acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, extensive burns, severe trauma, intestinal necrosis, and peritoneal bleeding, among other diseases. Excessive potassium intake can be due to sample hemolysis or an elevation in white blood cells, both of which can lead to hyperkalemia. Therefore, it is crucial to be vigilant in clinical settings and address the condition promptly and appropriately.

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Is hyperkalemia acidosis?

Hyperkalemia is not acidosis, but during acidosis, the hydrogen ions of the gastric fluid within cells enter the cells, causing the potassium ions inside the cells to move to the extracellular fluid, resulting in hyperkalemia. Clinically, it is commonly seen in organic acidosis, lactic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, and acute renal failure causing acidosis. Once hyperkalemia occurs and is diagnosed, immediate treatment should be administered. First, the primary disease should be treated; next, serum potassium should be reduced. In particularly severe cases, bedside hemofiltration can be administered, and the cardiotoxic effects of hyperkalemia should be mitigated.

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The role of calcium agents in hyperkalemia

Change the excitability of autonomic cells to protect the heart. Hyperkalemia mainly affects the conduction of the heart and neuromuscular system. Typical clinical manifestations include severe bradycardia, atrioventricular block, and even sinus arrest. By using calcium agents to change the excitability of autonomic cells, we can protect the heart from the damage to the conduction system caused by hyperkalemia. This allows the potassium ions to move from outside the cell to inside the cell. While protecting the myocardium, it is also necessary to use some medications to lower blood potassium. If the blood potassium is particularly high, dialysis or continuous bedside blood filtration can be used to reduce the blood potassium to a normal range.

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Clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia

The clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia mainly affect the cardiovascular system, often presenting with slowed heart rate and various arrhythmias. When the blood potassium level is between 6.6 and 8.0 mmol/L, a tent-shaped T-wave can be observed. Rapid increases in blood potassium can lead to ventricular tachycardia, and even ventricular fibrillation. A gradual increase in blood potassium can cause conduction blocks, and in severe cases, cardiac arrest. Sudden death in severe hyperkalemia is mainly due to ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest. The second aspect is symptoms related to the neuromuscular system. As the concentration of potassium ions in the extracellular fluid increases, the resting membrane potential drops, leading to muscle weakness and even paralysis, typically more pronounced in the lower limbs and extending upward along the trunk. In severe cases, some patients may experience difficulty in swallowing and breathing difficulties. Symptoms involving the central nervous system mainly include restlessness, confusion, and fainting.