Symptoms of diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration in children

Written by Yan Xin Liang
Pediatrics
Updated on June 04, 2025
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Children with symptoms of diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration are categorized into mild, moderate, and severe dehydration.

Generally speaking, with mild dehydration, there is slight dryness of the mouth, not very severe. With moderate dehydration, the dryness of the mouth becomes quite noticeable, and with severe dehydration, there is extreme dryness of the mouth.

In terms of mental state, those with mild dehydration generally feel okay, while those with moderate dehydration have poorer spirits, and those with severe dehydration appear very listless.

Regarding urination, those with mild dehydration experience a slight decrease in urine output, those with moderate dehydration have a reduced urine output, and those with severe dehydration show a significant reduction in urine output, or even no urine at all.

Another symptom to consider is skin turgor; in mild dehydration, skin elasticity is still acceptable, in moderate dehydration skin elasticity worsens, and in severe dehydration, skin elasticity is significantly impaired.

For instance, the dryness of mucous membranes, including the oral mucosa, shows slight dryness in mild dehydration, dryness in moderate dehydration, and obvious dryness in severe dehydration. Therefore, dehydration should be assessed from multiple aspects.

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Written by Yan Xin Liang
Pediatrics
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What can children eat when they have diarrhea?

Childhood diarrhea is a manifestation of acute gastroenteritis. During this process, his digestive function will definitely be affected, so it is important to pay attention to diet. Provide light and easy-to-digest foods. If breastfeeding, the mother's diet should also include light and easy-to-digest foods. For babies fed with formula, we can use diarrhea-specific formula, and supplementary foods such as rice porridge and noodles can be added. Avoid greasy, spicy, and irritating foods. It is appropriate to add vegetables, but do not orally administer sugary foods, including sugars, biscuits, etc., as these are not suitable for the baby.

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Written by Yan Xin Liang
Pediatrics
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Clinical manifestations of pediatric diarrhea

Childhood diarrhea is caused by a variety of pathogens and factors, characterized primarily by diarrhea. Key features include increased stool frequency and changes in stool characteristics, possibly accompanied by fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, and varying degrees of electrolyte and acid-base imbalances. The pathogens involved can be viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, etc. Additionally, factors like the misuse of antibiotics leading to intestinal flora imbalance, improper feeding, and getting chilled can also cause it. Symptoms can vary from mild to severe diarrhea. Generally, mild diarrhea primarily involves gastrointestinal symptoms and may accompany vomiting or poor appetite, with increased stool frequency and changes in stool characteristics, but no significant dehydration or systemic acidosis, usually recovering within a few days. Severe diarrhea is often an acute condition that can develop from mild diarrhea, presenting more severe gastrointestinal symptoms as well as noticeable dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and systemic toxicity symptoms such as fever, lethargy, drowsiness, and shock.

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Written by Yan Xin Liang
Pediatrics
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What is the cause of diarrhea in children?

Childhood diarrhea is divided into infectious diarrhea and non-infectious diarrhea, with the common type in children being infectious diarrhea, which includes rotavirus enteritis, bacterial enteritis, and bacterial dysentery, among others, with rotavirus enteritis being the most common. It is characterized by watery diarrhea or "egg-flower" style diarrhea. It is also accompanied by dry mouth, reduced urine output, and some can have symptoms such as vomiting and fever. Similarly, bacterial diarrhea can also present with vomiting, fever, and other symptoms. Other types of diarrhea, such as allergic diarrhea, commonly occur from milk allergies, and there are cases of lactose intolerance that also result in diarrhea. Therefore, there are many causes of childhood diarrhea, and each case should be analyzed specifically.

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Written by Yan Xin Liang
Pediatrics
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What medicine is effective for children's diarrhea?

In cases of childhood diarrhea, it is crucial first to identify the cause. Generally, it is categorized into infectious and non-infectious diarrhea. If it is suspected to be infectious diarrhea, it can be further divided into viral enteritis, bacterial infections of the intestines, and possibly fungal enteritis, among others. Typically, viral enteritis has a self-limiting course and does not require special medication treatments. The primary treatment includes hydration and maintaining electrolyte balance, and possibly using probiotics to regulate the intestinal flora as symptomatic treatment. If bacteria infection causes the enteritis, sensitive antibiotics are required for the infection. For non-infectious diarrhea, specific medications targeting the cause of the condition are used, such as lactase supplements for diarrhea caused by lactose intolerance and providing special formula milk for diarrhea. If the diarrhea is due to allergies, it's essential to avoid the allergens in the diet. Therefore, every case needs to be analyzed based on its specific circumstances. (Medication should be administered under the guidance of a professional doctor.)

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Written by Yao Li Qin
Pediatrics
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Pediatric diarrhea bacterial infections are most commonly seen in what?

Pediatric diarrhea is a condition caused by various causes and factors, mainly characterized by an increase in the frequency of bowel movements and changes in stool characteristics. A portion of this condition is caused by bacterial infections, particularly in the summer when enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli gastroenteritis is a likely cause. In such cases, children may experience vomiting, persistent diarrhea, and severe dehydration. Additionally, if the child's stool contains mucus and pus, or is a pus-blood stool, it is generally considered to be caused by bacterial dysentery bacilli. If the stool is jam-like with more blood and less stool, amoebic dysentery should be considered. Other invasive bacterial infections, such as invasive E. coli gastroenteritis, jejunal Campylobacter gastroenteritis, or Salmonella gastroenteritis, are also common bacterial infections.