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Ma Xian Shi
General Surgery
About me
Chinese Communist Party member, graduated from Yanbian Medical College with an associate degree, and has completed multiple advanced studies at Jilin University, Jilin Province People's Hospital in General Surgery and Neurosurgery.
Proficient in diseases
Specializes in the treatment of common diseases in general surgery and neurosurgery.
Voices
Precautions for Tetanus
Tetanus is an acute, specific infection caused by the invasion of Clostridium tetani into a human wound, where it grows, proliferates, and produces toxins. Clostridium tetani is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus. What should be considered in cases of tetanus? Patients with tetanus must be isolated in a single room. The environment should be as quiet as possible to avoid any auditory or visual stimuli. It is important to prevent falls from the bed or bedsores, control or relieve spasms as a key aspect of treatment, and on this basis, prevent asphyxiation and pulmonary infections. Patients with mild conditions can be treated with sedatives and sleeping pills. Severe cases may require the intravenous administration of chlorpromazine. Patients with severe convulsions or those suffering from laryngeal edema may require a tracheotomy.
How many years can the tetanus vaccine last?
Tetanus is an acute specific infection caused by the growth and proliferation of Clostridium tetani bacteria in human wounds, producing toxins. Tetanus is a Gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming bacillus. One type of tetanus vaccine is DTP, which includes diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis and is administered in childhood. It requires three doses and generally maintains effectiveness for five to ten years. Subsequently, a booster shot can be administered every five to ten years. If a new wound occurs and it's associated with tetanus, the duration of tetanus maintenance in the human body is generally five to six days, after which it is quickly cleared.
Treatment of Lipoma
Lipomas are a common type of benign tumor that we see clinically. Most cases are benign, and malignant transformation is very rare. Lipomas consist of normal, fatty-like tissue and primarily occur on the limbs and trunk. They have clear boundaries, are lobulated in appearance, soft in texture, and may feel like a false cyst. They are painless and grow slowly. Some can grow very large, and deep-seated ones may undergo malignant transformation and should be treated surgically in a timely manner. In terms of treatment for lipomas, medication is ineffective. Small lipomas can be monitored periodically. If a lipoma is large, affects daily life or aesthetics, or is a deep-seated lipoma that might become malignant, surgical treatment is required.
How is lipoma treated?
Lipoma is a common disease in our clinical practice. Most lipoma patients have a benign tumor, which is a tumorous mass of normal fatty tissue, commonly found on the limbs and trunk, with clear boundaries, lobulated, soft in texture, possibly pseudo-cystic, painless, slow-growing, and some may be very large. For deep lipomas that may have the potential for malignancy, timely surgical removal is necessary. For small lipomas, we generally observe them periodically. If the tumor is large and affects normal life or aesthetics, surgical removal can be considered. For deep lipomas, where there is a suspicion of malignant transformation, timely surgery is advisable for treatment.
Tetanus incubation period
Tetanus is a specific infection caused by Clostridium tetani. The incubation period of tetanus is generally seven to eight days, but it can be as short as 24 hours or as long as several months to years. Patients with shorter incubation periods have a worse prognosis. Tetanus occurs within two weeks after injury in 90% of patients, presenting symptoms such as general weakness, headache, dizziness, chewing difficulty, local muscle tightness, painful pulling, and increased reflexes. Typical symptoms include muscle tonic contraction, opisthotonus, and facial expressions characterized by lockjaw and a sardonic smile.
How long does it take for tetanus to develop?
Tetanus is an acute, specific infection caused by the invasion of Clostridium tetani into a human wound, where it grows and reproduces, producing toxins. Tetanus is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus that is widely present in the external environment. Tetanus occurs only when tetanus bacillus grows and reproduces locally in a wound and produces exotoxins, which are the cause of the disease. The toxins of tetanus include spasm toxin and hemolysin. The incubation period of tetanus generally ranges from six to ten days. In some cases, it can occur within 24 hours or take as long as 20 to 30 days, or even months, particularly following the removal of foreign bodies or shrapnel. Neonatal tetanus generally occurs seven days after umbilical cord separation, clinically also known as the "seven-day wind." Generally, the shorter the duration of the incubation period or prodromal symptoms, the more severe the symptoms and the higher the mortality rate.
There are several types of tetanus shots.
Tetanus injections are generally of two types, one being tetanus antitoxin and the other is human tetanus immunoglobulin. Tetanus antitoxin, which is more commonly used in our country, is a heterologous protein prepared from horse serum, making it relatively easy to obtain. However, an allergy test is needed for its use and it is widely used in our country at present. Tetanus immunoglobulin, though an ideal medication, is more complex to prepare. Its production is complicated and limited in our country, thus it is not very widely used. Therefore, tetanus antitoxin is more broadly applied.
How to administer a tetanus shot: steps
First, an allergy test must be conducted. Based on the results of the allergy test, the application of tetanus antitoxin is decided. The allergy test involves drawing 0.1 ml of antitoxin serum, diluting it with 0.9 ml of isotonic saline, and then injecting 0.05 to 0.1 ml of the diluted solution intradermally on the flexor side of the forearm. An equivalent amount of isotonic saline is injected on the other forearm as a control. Observe for 15-30 minutes. If there is no nodule or resistance at the injection site, it is a negative result. Patients with a negative result can have the rest of the original liquid injected subcutaneously. If a red nodule of about one centimeter or resistance appears at the serum injection site, the allergy test is positive. In this case, a desensitization injection is needed. The desensitization injection involves diluting the required injection fluid and the antitoxin serum with isotonic saline to ten times the volume and administering it subcutaneously in divided doses. After dilution to ten times the volume, which is 10 ml, the initial dose of 1 ml is administered, followed by 2 ml, 3 ml, and 4 ml, with each injection spaced 30 minutes apart until completed.
Early symptoms of appendicitis
What are the initial symptoms of appendicitis? It is characterized by abdominal pain. The main symptom is abdominal pain that appears around the upper abdomen or navel, and some patients may also experience nausea and vomiting. Generally, two to three hours later, the abdominal pain gradually shifts to the lower right abdomen, which we clinically refer to as migratory right lower abdominal pain. This symptom accounts for about 80% of clinical cases, while some patients present directly with pain in the lower right abdomen, without transitional abdominal pain. Therefore, the primary symptom of appendicitis is abdominal pain, as described in these two scenarios. However, physical examination is also very important, typically revealing localized fixed tenderness in the lower right abdomen as the main clinical manifestation.
Difference between umbilical hernia and abdominal linea alba hernia
Umbilical hernias occur when the hernia sac protrudes through the navel ring, commonly developing around the navel area. Linea alba hernias occur between the xiphoid process and the navel, in the area referred to as the linea alba. The hernia that protrudes in this specific region is called a linea alba hernia. Anatomically, these two types of hernias are distinct, so they can be identified based on their anatomical location. Additionally, color ultrasonography can be used to detect the position of the hernia sac. If it is located in the upper abdomen, above the navel, it is generally identified as a linea alba hernia. If it is situated above or below the navel, it may be considered an umbilical hernia. Ultrasound can help differentiate between an umbilical hernia and a linea alba hernia.