Hypertensive encephalopathy and malignant hypertension are two critical conditions that can occur in patients with hypertension, both triggered by a sudden and drastic increase in blood pressure in a short period. Literally, hypertensive encephalopathy focuses on the severe rise in blood pressure in a short term, causing some damage to the nervous system. The main mechanism is due to the too rapid increase in blood pressure over a short period, exceeding the self-regulation range of cerebral blood vessels. At this time, the pressure in the cerebral vessels increases sharply, causing the components of the blood in the cerebral vessels to spill over into the brain tissue, manifesting some neurological symptoms, mainly severe headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, seizures, convulsions, and even herniation of the brain, all due to brain edema and intracranial hypertension. Malignant hypertension covers a broader range than hypertensive encephalopathy. Besides the neurological symptoms mentioned above, it also affects other systems, such as acute proteinuria, renal failure, and acute heart failure, focusing on the impact on multiple systems throughout the body, including the brain. Hypertensive encephalopathy is more focused on the reactions in the brain, so these two conditions have a common pathogenesis but focus on different aspects.