Early symptoms of esophageal cancer

Written by Peng Li Bo
Oncology
Updated on September 28, 2024
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The early symptoms of esophageal cancer are not very typical. In the early stages, there may be discomfort, a sensation of blockage, or burning and pinching feelings during swallowing. There might also be pain behind the breastbone. Other atypical gastrointestinal symptoms can include acid reflux, heartburn, belching, hiccups, and vomiting. However, as esophageal cancer progresses, the most typical symptom becomes difficulty swallowing, obstruction, and the sensation that swallowed items cannot pass down, including severe cases where even drinking water feels obstructed and leads to vomiting.

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Written by Si Li Li
Gastroenterology
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The difference between esophagitis and esophageal cancer.

Esophagitis and esophageal cancer can be differentiated in the following aspects. First, in terms of symptoms, esophagitis generally presents with symptoms such as acid reflux, heartburn, pain behind the sternum, belching, and upper abdominal pain. The main symptoms of esophageal cancer, on the other hand, are generally difficulty swallowing or pain when swallowing, and this symptom progressively worsens. Second, regarding age, esophagitis can occur in any age group, while esophageal cancer is more common in elderly male patients. Third, the best method of differentiation is through gastroscopy. Under gastroscopy, esophagitis can be diagnosed with findings such as mucosal erosion, congestion, and edema of the esophagus. Esophageal cancer, however, generally appears in the middle or upper or lower segments of the esophagus, and a diagnosis can be confirmed by performing a biopsy.

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Written by Zhou Zi Hua
Oncology
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How can esophageal cancer be diagnosed?

The diagnosis of esophageal cancer is primarily based on symptoms. In the early stages, symptoms are generally nonspecific or only mild and typically do not attract the patient's attention. In the mid to late stages, the most common symptom is progressive difficulty swallowing. Additional diagnostic methods include esophageal radiography, MRI, and CT scans. Moreover, cytological diagnosis, endoscopic ultrasound of the esophagus, direct endoscopic examination and pathological sampling under endoscopy are utilized. The gold standard for confirmation still requires pathological or cytological diagnosis.

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Written by Peng Li Bo
Oncology
38sec home-news-image

Early symptoms of esophageal cancer

The early symptoms of esophageal cancer are not very typical. In the early stages, there may be discomfort, a sensation of blockage, or burning and pinching feelings during swallowing. There might also be pain behind the breastbone. Other atypical gastrointestinal symptoms can include acid reflux, heartburn, belching, hiccups, and vomiting. However, as esophageal cancer progresses, the most typical symptom becomes difficulty swallowing, obstruction, and the sensation that swallowed items cannot pass down, including severe cases where even drinking water feels obstructed and leads to vomiting.

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Written by Luo Peng
Thoracic Surgery
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Symptoms of esophageal cancer spread

The most typical symptom of esophageal cancer, especially in its advanced stages, is difficulty swallowing. As esophageal cancer progresses, patients may further experience difficulty swallowing semi-liquid food, eventually leading to difficulty swallowing even water and saliva. Additionally, as the cancer develops, it might compress the trachea, resulting in symptoms like sticky sputum and difficulty in expectorating. Consequently, due to difficulties in eating, progressive severe weight loss and fatigue often occur. Furthermore, some patients may also experience chest or back pain, and in some cases, an esophageal-tracheal fistula might occur, leading to severe respiratory difficulties and intense choking. Moreover, after advanced esophageal cancer has spread, it may also cause jaundice, ascites, and can metastasize to other parts of the body, potentially resulting in various symptoms.

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Written by Liu Liang
Oncology
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The main metastatic pathways of esophageal cancer

The main metastatic pathways of esophageal cancer include firstly, hematogenous spread, which can transfer to distant organs such as bones and the lungs or liver via the bloodstream. The second pathway is via the lymphatic system, which can lead to the metastasis of regional lymph nodes and other non-regional lymph nodes. For example, cervical esophageal cancer tends to metastasize to the supraclavicular and adjacent esophageal lymph nodes; in thoracic esophageal cancer, metastases may occur in the subcarinal, upper periesophageal, and lower periesophageal lymph nodes; metastasis can also be achieved through local spread and invasion of the tumor.