Anal fistulas are secondary to what?

Written by Chen Tian Jing
Colorectal Surgery
Updated on May 04, 2025
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Anal fistulas primarily arise from local perianal abscesses that are not actively treated, repeatedly occur, or from severe pus cavity inflammation that causes the abscess to rupture locally, resulting in the formation of an anal fistula. An anal fistula typically has a characteristic internal opening and external opening, as well as a fistula tract connecting them. After the occurrence of an anal fistula, it is recommended that the patient undergo surgery as soon as possible. The surgical method mainly used for anal fistulas is the cutting and threading surgery. If it is a high-position complex anal fistula or there are multiple external openings and branches, the patient needs to complete related examinations, mainly focusing on local perianal color ultrasound or pelvic MRI, which are most important. After clarifying the direction of the fistula branches, a thorough and definitive surgical treatment for the anal fistula can be carried out.

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Written by Yang Dong
Colorectal Surgery Department
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Anal fistula etiology

The cause of an anal fistula is due to infection of the anal glands. In normal human anatomy, there is a location at the junction of the rectum and the anal canal called the anal sinus or anal gland, which is relatively weak. If it is damaged, intestinal bacteria can enter the anal gland, causing inflammation. Over time, the infected anal gland leads to further abscesses towards the perianal space, causing a perianal abscess. After the perianal abscess ruptures, it further develops into an anal fistula.

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Written by Chen Tian Jing
Colorectal Surgery
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Can anal fistulas be left untreated indefinitely?

If a patient is diagnosed with an anal fistula, it must not be left untreated. If an anal fistula is not actively treated over a long period, it can easily lead to thickening of the fistula tract or an increase in branching. Moreover, after long-term repeated inflammatory stimulation, some fistula tracts are prone to malignant transformations. Therefore, it is recommended that patients with anal fistulas seek symptomatic treatment as soon as they are diagnosed. The primary method of treating anal fistulas is surgical. The main surgical approach for an anal fistula is fistulotomy with seton placement, which involves removing the local fistula tract wall while preserving the function of the patient's sphincter muscle. After the surgery, patients need to follow a light diet to avoid an increase in local secretions, which can lead to inflammatory stimulation and even the recurrence of the anal fistula.

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Written by Yu Xu Chao
Colorectal Surgery
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How to reduce swelling when an anal fistula flares up?

An anal fistula flare-up can cause perianal swelling, pain, and discharge of pus and blood. For an anal fistula flare-up, initial conservative treatment with medications is an option, such as sitting baths using anal cleansing agents or potassium permanganate solutions after defecation. The sitting bath should last between five to ten minutes to help reduce swelling and relieve pain. After the bath, topical application of mupirocin ointment or other anti-inflammatory ointments like Golden Ointment may also be used to reduce swelling and inflammation. For severe infections, intravenous or oral antibiotics may be prescribed to reduce inflammation. However, clinically, it is recommended to opt for surgical removal of the anal fistula as early as possible. Early removal of the internal opening and the fistula tract is necessary for a complete cure of the anal fistula. If an anal fistula repeatedly flares up, it can easily lead to the formation of more fistula branches, forming complex anal fistulas, increasing the difficulty of later surgeries and enlarging the wound surface post-operation.

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Written by Deng Heng
Colorectal Surgery
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Does an anal fistula require surgery?

The treatment of anal fistula mainly focuses on surgical treatment, with medication as a secondary support. This means that without surgery, an anal fistula essentially cannot heal. Non-conservative treatments for anal fistulas are only temporary symptomatic treatments that manage the condition and alleviate clinical symptoms. For example, during an acute attack of an anal fistula, anti-inflammatory drugs can be used to temporarily relieve symptoms such as pain. Therefore, surgery is necessary for anal fistulas, as surgical treatment can completely eradicate the source of the disease, addressing the internal and external origins of the fistula for a complete cure.

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Written by Yu Xu Chao
Colorectal Surgery
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How to determine if you have an anal fistula

First, you can judge whether you have an anal fistula based on symptoms. Patients with anal fistula often experience recurrent perianal swelling and pain, as well as discharge of pus and blood, which may also have a foul odor, with secretion often found on their underwear. In such cases, patients should consider whether they have an anal fistula. Additionally, patients with anal fistulas in the early stages often have perianal abscesses, which generally tend to form fistulas after the abscess ruptures spontaneously or is surgically drained. Patients can also visit the colorectal surgery department of a hospital for a digital rectal examination, where the fistula tract and the internal opening can be felt. MRI scans of the perianal region can also be performed to determine the type and severity of the anal fistula. Clinically, once an anal fistula is detected, it is advisable to opt for fistula excision surgery to completely cure the anal fistula by removing the internal opening and the fistula tract. Post-surgery, it is essential to persist with dressing changes to avoid wound infection and bleeding.