How is type 2 diabetes treated?

Written by Li Hui Zhi

Endocrinology

Updated on September 17, 2024

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The treatment of type 2 diabetes includes the following aspects. First, dietary treatment is recommended, advising regular and quantitative meals three times a day, and avoiding late-night snacks and extra meals. Second, appropriate exercise. Third, self-monitoring of blood glucose; it is best to purchase a glucometer for home use and show the recorded blood glucose levels to the doctor during hospital visits. Fourth, diabetes education. Fifth, medication treatment, which includes oral medications and insulin therapy. It's important to visit an endocrinology specialist promptly to determine the most suitable medication under the guidance of a doctor.

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Gestational diabetes symptoms

During pregnancy, there are two scenarios concerning diabetes: one is where diabetes is diagnosed before pregnancy, referred to as pregestational diabetes combined with pregnancy. The other scenario is where the sugar metabolism is normal before pregnancy, or there is an underlying reduced glucose tolerance, and diabetes appears or is diagnosed during pregnancy, also known as gestational diabetes. Over 80% of diabetic pregnant women have gestational diabetes. Typically, gestational diabetes doesn't show clear symptoms of the classic "three polys and one less" - excessive drinking, eating, urination, and weight loss. Some women with gestational diabetes may experience itching of the vulva, caused by repeated infections with Candida albicans. Additionally, gestational diabetes may lead to conditions like fetal macrosomia and polyhydramnios during pregnancy, and pregnant women with gestational diabetes are more prone to infections.

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Causes of Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes refers to the abnormality of blood sugar levels that occurs during pregnancy, at which time it is called gestational diabetes. The reason for the occurrence of gestational diabetes is due to significant changes in the body's endocrine hormones after pregnancy. The body releases many hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, which can increase insulin resistance. Thus, a much greater amount of insulin is needed to maintain normal blood sugar levels. If the pancreatic beta cells are not sufficient to compensate for the increased insulin secretion needed to meet the normal metabolic requirements caused by these resistance factors, then elevated blood sugar and abnormal glucose metabolism occur, ultimately leading to gestational diabetes.

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Written by Wang Shuai

Urology

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Is frequent urination diabetes?

If the urine output exceeds 2500 mL in 24 hours, this condition is called polyuria. There are many causes of polyuria; diabetes is just one of them. Additionally, physiological causes are also seen, such as eating a large amount of fruits that have a diuretic effect, like watermelon, or drinking a lot of water previously. This is referred to as physiological polyuria and does not require special treatment. Pathological causes, apart from diabetes, also include diabetes insipidus or electrolyte disturbances. For instance, long-term hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, or increased aldosterone can all lead to polyuria. It is advisable to promptly visit the urology department of a hospital for tests such as blood glucose levels, routine urine tests, and endocrine examinations to understand the causes of polyuria, and to determine whether it is caused by diabetes.

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Endocrinology

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Does type 2 diabetes have a genetic component?

Diabetes has a high prevalence worldwide, especially type 2 diabetes, which accounts for over 90% of all cases. The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is very complex, including genetic susceptibility, as well as environmental factors, insulin resistance, and defects in the function of pancreatic beta cells. Thus, environmental factors are one of the influencing factors in the incidence of type 2 diabetes. There is evidence showing a familial clustering tendency among patients, but genetic factors are not the sole cause of type 2 diabetes; environmental factors also play a role. With changes in diet and lifestyle in recent years, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has noticeably increased. Even with similar genetic backgrounds, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes varies among populations living in different areas. Therefore, diabetes can be considered a complex disease, where individuals with a genetic predisposition to diabetes, under the influence of adverse environmental conditions, can also develop elevated blood sugar levels and consequently diabetes.

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What is gestational diabetes like?

Gestational diabetes refers to diabetes that appears during pregnancy, or is detected during pregnancy, or is an abnormal glucose tolerance of any degree. Gestational diabetes affects both the pregnant mother and the fetus. Although the mortality rate of pregnant women with gestational diabetes has significantly decreased, complications are still quite common. It may increase the rate of spontaneous miscarriages and preterm births for fetuses. Secondly, it can cause fetal or neonatal death, and intrauterine growth retardation. Thirdly, it leads to excessive amniotic fluid and macrosomia, and may result in neonatal polycythemia, fetal malformations, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal hypoglycemia, as well as neonatal hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. For the mother, it can lead to pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome, infections during pregnancy or childbirth, and in severe cases, diabetic ketoacidosis.