Late-stage symptoms of cervical cancer

Written by Gong Chun
Oncology
Updated on September 02, 2024
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What are some symptoms of late-stage cervical cancer? First, there may be vaginal bleeding, characterized by irregular vaginal bleeding. The amount of bleeding varies depending on the size of the lesion and the invasion of interstitial blood vessels. In the late stages, as major blood vessels may be eroded, significant bleeding can occur. The second symptom is vaginal discharge, which is often increased and may be white or blood-stained. Third, late-stage symptoms may include secondary symptoms such as involvement of adjacent tissues and organs and affected nerves, leading to frequent urination, urgency, constipation, swelling and pain in the lower limbs. Cancer pressing on the ureters can cause obstruction of the ureters, hydronephrosis, and uremia. Late stages may also present with symptoms of systemic failure such as anemia and cachexia.

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How is cervical cancer treated?

Cervical cancer is one of the malignant gynecological tumors. The treatment approach should be based on a comprehensive assessment of the disease stage, the hospital's facilities, and the patient's condition, among other factors, to develop an integrated treatment plan. The principle of cervical cancer treatment primarily involves surgery and radiotherapy, supplemented by chemotherapy as an integrated treatment plan. The treatment should consider clinical staging, age, general condition, and the overall level of technology and equipment to develop an appropriate treatment method. It is important to focus on personalized treatment and the initial treatment.

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How is cervical cancer screened?

Research has shown that cervical cancer can be prevented and cured. The primary condition for curing cervical cancer is early detection and treatment, so cervical cancer screening is very important. There are three levels of cervical cancer screening. The first level includes a TCT (ThinPrep Cytologic Test) and HPV (Human Papillomavirus) testing. If any abnormalities are found in these tests, a colposcopy examination is needed. Under colposcopy, the condition of the cervix is observed, and if lesions are found, the process moves to the third level, which involves taking a biopsy of the cervical tissue for histopathological examination to confirm the diagnosis and rule out cervical cancer transformation.

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Written by Gong Chun
Oncology
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Treatment of Cervical Cancer

The treatment principle of cervical cancer primarily focuses on surgical and radiotherapy, supplemented by chemotherapy and other comprehensive treatment plans. Therefore, it should be based on clinical staging and the specific condition of the patient, such as age and physical health, combined with the overall situation, as well as considering the level of technology and equipment conditions to develop a suitable treatment plan. Nowadays, emphasis is placed on personalized treatment and initial treatment. Cervical cancer treatment primarily involves surgery, including extensive hysterectomy and extensive cervical excision, where choosing the appropriate surgical method is key. Post-surgery, radiotherapy can be combined, and for those unsuitable for surgery, preoperative radiotherapy is an option. Additionally, preoperative or postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy can also be considered.

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Cervical cancer is divided into several stages.

Cervical cancer is categorized into four stages based on the extent of the cancer lesion, with different stages receiving different treatments clinically. Stage I cervical cancer is the earliest stage, while stage IV cervical cancer is the latest stage, often invading organs beyond the reproductive system. Clinically, early-stage cervical cancer is primarily treated with surgical resection, followed by postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy to reduce the likelihood of cancer recurrence. In contrast, late-stage cervical cancer is treated primarily with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

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Written by Gong Chun
Oncology
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Cervical Cancer Staging Criteria

For the staging of cervical cancer, the staging criteria of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) are now adopted. Staging should be done before treatment, and since the FIGO staging of the cervix mainly relies on the examination of the pelvis, it is emphasized that the pelvic examination must be performed by two senior gynecologic oncologists. The staging primarily involves assessing the size of the cervical lesion, particularly the measurement of endophytic tumors, parametrial tissue infiltration, and the status of pelvic lymph nodes. However, these stages mainly rely on radiological examinations, primarily magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to provide objective data for staging.