Postpartum hemorrhage causes

Written by Tang Mei Xiang
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Updated on March 29, 2025
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Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) has four primary causes: 1. Lacerations from difficult labor; 2. Placental factors; 3. Uterine atony; 4. Coagulopathy. Immediately after childbirth, if there is bright red bleeding that includes blood clots, this is considered to be caused by soft birth canal lacerations. Approximately 10 to 15 minutes after delivery of the fetus, if significant bleeding occurs, placental factors should be considered. After the placenta is delivered, if the placenta and membranes are found to be intact and there is still vaginal bleeding, or if there is intermittent heavy vaginal bleeding, and the uterus feels soft and poorly defined upon light palpation, uterine atony should be considered as a likely cause of the heavy bleeding. Lastly, coagulopathy, which leads to continuous, dark red bleeding without clots, can also cause severe postpartum hemorrhage.

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Written by Zhang Lu
Obstetrics
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Does postpartum hemorrhage require a blood transfusion?

The definition of postpartum hemorrhage is bleeding greater than 500 milliliters approximately 24 hours after vaginal delivery. Whether blood transfusion is necessary for postpartum hemorrhage mainly depends on the specific amount of bleeding. For average women, if the hemoglobin level is normal before delivery and the bleeding is between 500-1000 milliliters, the body can compensate for the anemia through normal adjustments, and generally, a blood transfusion is not required. However, if the bleeding exceeds 1000 milliliters, this situation is considered massive hemorrhage and must be treated with a blood transfusion, otherwise it may lead to hemorrhagic shock or DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation).

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Written by Du Rui Xia
Obstetrics
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How long will it take for postpartum anal fissure bleeding to heal?

Generally, anal fissures that occur postpartum may heal on their own within about a week. For more severe cases, timely surgical treatment is necessary. The specific recovery time also depends on the physical condition of the mother, such as nutritional status, diet, and everyday habits—whether her diet is balanced, whether she drinks enough water, etc., all of which can affect the recovery and progression of the condition. If postpartum women improve their diet by eating more fresh vegetables and fruits, drinking more soups, and developing regular bowel habits to alleviate constipation, the anal fissures can also improve on their own.

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Written by Du Rui Xia
Obstetrics
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How many days of postpartum bleeding are normal?

Postpartum hemorrhage typically stops around three weeks. Lochia can be classified into bloody lochia, serous lochia, and white lochia. Another type is abnormal bleeding, which is pathological bleeding. It occurs postpartum, for instance, due to soft birth canal injuries, cervical lacerations, uterine atony, or pre-existing blood disorders, which may extend the bleeding duration even beyond a month. This abnormal condition requires prompt medical attention. Normal lochia during the initial three to four days is bloody. As the bleeding from the uterus gradually decreases, it transitions to serous lochia, which can last about ten days. Finally, it becomes white lochia, which clears up after about three weeks.

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Written by Du Rui Xia
Obstetrics
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Is it normal to have ovulation bleeding during postpartum breastfeeding?

During the postpartum breastfeeding period, it is normal for mothers to experience bleeding during ovulation. Most women who bleed during ovulation are affected by fluctuations in hormone levels in the body. The bleeding usually occurs midway between two menstrual periods, and the amount of blood is relatively small and light in color. It usually returns to normal within one to two days, so there is no need to worry when ovulation bleeding occurs. It is important to rest, avoid overwork, enhance nutrition, keep warm, and avoid getting cold. During breastfeeding, it is essential to observe the amount of vaginal bleeding. If menstruation resumes, it is crucial to pay attention to contraception.

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Written by Yue Hua
Obstetrics and Gynecology
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How much bleeding is considered postpartum hemorrhage?

Postpartum hemorrhage refers to a condition where, if the patient has vaginal delivery, the bleeding exceeds 500 milliliters within 24 hours after the fetus is delivered. If the delivery is via cesarean section, the bleeding exceeds 1000 milliliters, which is considered significant postpartum hemorrhage. The primary cause is mostly related to poor uterine contractions. Due to inadequate muscle contractions of the uterus, the blood vessels in the uterine muscle layer remain open, leading to bleeding. Another cause relates to placental factors, such as when the placenta is not entirely expelled, leading to remnants of the placenta and membranes remaining in the uterine cavity, which can also cause postpartum bleeding.