How to replenish potassium for hypokalemia

Written by Wang Li Bing
Intensive Care Medicine Department
Updated on August 31, 2024
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After the occurrence of hypokalemia, we usually adopt oral potassium supplementation or intravenous potassium supplementation. Oral potassium supplementation is the safest method clinically, and patients can also be advised to consume potassium-rich fruits or vegetables, etc. On the other hand, there is intravenous potassium supplementation, which must be decided based on the patient's urine output. Generally, potassium supplementation can be carried out only when the patient's urine output is more than 500 milliliters per day. However, the concentration of potassium must be diluted and not administered undiluted to prevent arrhythmias and so on.

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Written by Wei Shi Liang
Intensive Care Unit
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Hypokalemia is a condition.

Potassium is one of the essential electrolytes for life. Its physiological functions mainly include maintaining cellular metabolism, regulating osmotic pressure, acid-base balance, and maintaining cell stress functions. The human body intakes about 100 millimoles of potassium each day, of which 90% is excreted through the kidneys, and the remainder is excreted through the gastrointestinal tract. Potassium mainly exists inside cells, with serum potassium accounting for only 2% of the total potassium in the body. The concentration of potassium in serum is between 3.5 to 5.5 mmol/L. If the concentration of serum potassium is below 3.5 mmol/L, it is considered hypokalemia, which is often due to insufficient potassium intake or excessive potassium excretion.

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Written by Wei Shi Liang
Intensive Care Unit
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Clinical symptoms of hypokalemia

Hypokalemia has diverse clinical manifestations. The most life-threatening symptoms involve the cardiac conduction system and the neuromuscular system. In mild hypokalemia, the electrocardiogram (ECG) shows flattened T waves or their disappearance, along with the appearance of U waves. Severe hypokalemia can lead to lethal arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or sudden death. In the neuromuscular system, the most prominent symptoms of hypokalemia are in the skeletal muscle, presenting as sluggish paralysis and loss of tone in the smooth muscle, leading to rhabdomyolysis. If respiratory muscles are affected, it may result in respiratory failure. Hypokalemia can also cause insulin resistance and obstruct insulin release, leading to significant glucose tolerance abnormalities. Decreased potassium excretion reduces the kidney's ability to concentrate urine, resulting in polyuria.

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Written by Wei Shi Liang
Intensive Care Unit
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Causes of hypokalemia

Potassium is one of the essential electrolytes necessary for life. Its physiological functions mainly include maintaining cellular metabolism, regulating osmotic pressure and acid-base balance, and preserving cell stress response, etc. Daily potassium intake is about 100 millimoles, with 90% excreted through the kidneys and the remainder through the gastrointestinal tract. Common causes of hypokalemia include reduced intake, such as long-term inability to eat without timely potassium supplementation. Even though potassium intake decreases, the kidneys continue to excrete potassium, leading to potassium loss. The second cause is increased excretion, which includes losses through the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, both of which can lead to hypokalemia. The third cause is the movement of potassium from outside to inside the cells, which can occur during metabolic alkalosis or when glucose and insulin are administered, promoting the transfer of potassium ions into the cells, resulting in hypokalemia.

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Written by Wang Li Bing
Intensive Care Medicine Department
41sec home-news-image

How to replenish potassium for hypokalemia

After the occurrence of hypokalemia, we usually adopt oral potassium supplementation or intravenous potassium supplementation. Oral potassium supplementation is the safest method clinically, and patients can also be advised to consume potassium-rich fruits or vegetables, etc. On the other hand, there is intravenous potassium supplementation, which must be decided based on the patient's urine output. Generally, potassium supplementation can be carried out only when the patient's urine output is more than 500 milliliters per day. However, the concentration of potassium must be diluted and not administered undiluted to prevent arrhythmias and so on.

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Written by Wei Shi Liang
Intensive Care Unit
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Causes of Hypokalemia

Common causes of hypokalemia include insufficient intake or prolonged inability to eat without intravenous supplementation. In such cases, while intake of potassium decreases, the kidneys continue to excrete potassium, leading to a loss of potassium in the blood. Additionally, increased excretion can cause hypokalemia, including losses from the gastrointestinal tract such as vomiting, diarrhea, and continuous gastrointestinal decompression, which results in a loss of digestive fluids rich in potassium. Potassium loss through the kidneys from prolonged use of potassium-wasting diuretics or during the polyuric phase of acute renal failure can also lead to hypokalemia. Furthermore, the shift of potassium from outside to inside the cells can cause hypokalemia.