When supplementing potassium for hypokalemia, what should be paid attention to?

Written by Wei Shi Liang
Intensive Care Unit
Updated on September 20, 2024
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When supplementing potassium for hypokalemia, the following should be noted:

1. Closely monitor the blood potassium levels. Supplement 60-80 mmol/L of potassium, or recheck the blood potassium level within 1-4 hours after supplementation.

2. If the rate of potassium supplementation exceeds 10 moles per hour, continuous ECG monitoring should be maintained, closely observe the changes in the ECG, and prevent the occurrence of life-threatening hyperkalemia.

3. The rate of potassium supplementation for patients with regenerative dysfunction should be 50% of that for patients with normal kidney function.

4. The daily amount of potassium supplementation should not exceed 100-200 millimoles.

5. Try not to use peripheral veins for high-concentration potassium supplementation.

6. Use sodium chloride solution to dilute potassium-containing solutions, and it is not recommended to use glucose or low molecular weight dextrorotatory sugar as the carrier.

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Written by Gan Jun
Endocrinology
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Patients with hypokalemia can have what kind of urine?

When patients have hypokalemia, they often exhibit paradoxical aciduria, which is a typical manifestation of hypokalemia. In hyperkalemia, however, there is paradoxical alkaline urine. When serum potassium ions decrease, the renal tubular epithelium reduces its potassium excretion function and instead increases hydrogen excretion, leading to increased reabsorption of sodium and bicarbonate. This results in metabolic alkalosis, causing an increase in plasma bicarbonate, unlike typical alkalosis where alkaline urine is excreted. However, in the case of hypokalemia, acidic urine is excreted, hence it is called paradoxical aciduria.

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Written by Wei Shi Liang
Intensive Care Unit
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Why does hypokalemia cause alkalosis?

Hypokalemia can cause metabolic alkalosis because it leads to the intracellular movement of hydrogen ions. In hypokalemia, potassium shifts from the inside to the outside of the cell to compensate for the decreased serum potassium. As an exchange, hydrogen ions from the gastric fluid move into the cells, causing cellular alkalosis and intracellular acidosis. Additionally, due to potassium deficiency in the renal tubular epithelial cells, the potassium-sodium exchange decreases and the sodium-hydrogen exchange increases, leading to enhanced excretion of hydrogen ions and increased reabsorption of bicarbonate ions, resulting in hypokalemia-induced metabolic alkalosis, which needs to be promptly addressed clinically.

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Written by Wang Li Bing
Intensive Care Medicine Department
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How to supplement potassium for hypokalemia

Hypokalemia generally has two common methods of potassium supplementation. The first is oral potassium supplementation, and the second is intravenous potassium supplementation. Oral potassium supplementation is the safest method, for example, taking potassium chloride sustained-release tablets orally, as well as potassium chloride injection solution orally, and eating more potassium-rich vegetables and fruits. The second method is intravenous potassium supplementation. For intravenous potassium supplementation, it is important to pay attention to the patient's urine output. If the patient's urine output is adequate, intravenous potassium supplementation can be appropriately performed, and the concentration of intravenous potassium supplementation should not exceed 0.3% to prevent arrhythmias caused by hyperkalemia. (Please use medications under the guidance of a doctor.)

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Written by Gan Jun
Endocrinology
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Early electrocardiogram manifestations of hypokalemia

When hypokalemia occurs in the human body, it produces characteristic manifestations on the electrocardiogram (ECG) known as U waves. These so-called U waves appear as small waves at the tail end of the ST-T segment, often accompanied by a slight depression of the ST-T segment and mild changes in the T wave. If hypokalemia is severe, it can induce supraventricular arrhythmias, including premature ventricular contractions or first-degree atrioventricular block. In very severe cases, it may lead to life-threatening torsades de pointes, a type of ventricular tachycardia. Therefore, monitoring blood potassium levels and timely potassium supplementation are crucial for these patients to protect their health and safety.

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Written by Chen Xie
Endocrinology
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Hypokalemia is formed in what way?

Hypokalemia refers to a condition where the serum potassium level is below 3.5 millimoles per liter. The primary cause of hypokalemia is the loss of potassium in the body. Hypokalemia can be classified into three types based on its cause: potassium deficiency hypokalemia, redistributive hypokalemia, and dilutional hypokalemia. Potassium deficiency hypokalemia is mainly characterized by insufficient intake or excessive excretion. Insufficient intake is typically seen in patients who are fasting, have selective eating habits, or suffer from anorexia, while excessive excretion is mainly through gastrointestinal or renal loss of potassium. Redistributive hypokalemia usually occurs due to metabolic or respiratory alkalosis, the recovery phase of acidosis, heavy usage of glucose, instances of periodic paralysis, acute emergency situations, and the use of folic acid and vitamin B12 in treating anemia or repeat transfusions of cold stored washed red blood cells. Dilutional hypokalemia, on the other hand, is mainly caused by the retention of extracellular fluid, leading to excessive water or water intoxication-induced hypokalemia.