Does pectus excavatum hurt?

Written by Zhang Zhi Gong

Cardiothoracic Surgery

Updated on January 20, 2025

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The sternum of pectus excavatum caves inward and backward, directly compressing the patient's heart or lungs, causing a certain degree of chest pain. This chest pain is not caused by pectus excavatum itself, but by the compression of the heart or lungs due to pectus excavatum. Imagine a normal ribcage as an oval shape; its cross-section is also oval and is a ratio of the patient's left-right diameter, transverse diameter, and anterior-posterior diameter. In normal individuals, this ratio is less than 2.5. In pectus excavatum, since the anterior-posterior diameter is significantly reduced and the sternum is markedly pressed towards the spine, the patient's heart is entirely compressed and deformed. Therefore, the patient's coronary arteries or valves may be squeezed and deformed, resulting in about 60% of pectus excavatum patients experiencing chest pain.

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Written by Zhang Zhi Gong

Cardiothoracic Surgery

1min 11sec

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Is pectus excavatum hereditary?

Is pectus excavatum hereditary? According to modern genetic medicine, actually, about 80% of diseases are related to genetics to some extent, and pectus excavatum is no exception. Normally, pectus excavatum occurs in about one in 400 to 1000 people, with a higher prevalence in males. Research has also found that pectus excavatum is often seen in several genetic disorders, including Noonan syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Marfan syndrome. This indicates that it shares certain genes with these genetic disorders, such as the fibrillin-1 gene and others in the RAS/MAPK pathway. These genetic correlations may not always be evident, for example, the parents may not have pectus excavatum themselves. However, when parents with these recessive genes reproduce, their combination might result in pectus excavatum in their child. The development of pectus excavatum might be related to abnormal asymmetrical development of the cartilage. Thus, there is indeed a certain correlation between pectus excavatum and genetic factors.

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Written by Zhang Zhi Gong

Cardiothoracic Surgery

1min 32sec

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Harm of pectus excavatum

The dangers of pectus excavatum can generally be divided into two aspects: one is the harm to the physiological functions of the patient, and the other is the psychological impact on the patient. The physiological harm can be further divided into two categories: one is the impact on lung function, and the other is the impact on heart function. We can imagine that in normal individuals, the sternum is positioned in front of the heart and lungs. However, in patients with pectus excavatum, due to congenital hereditary or genetic factors, the sternum is pushed backward towards the spine, compressing inward and backward, which causes the heart to be squeezed, deformed, and the lungs to be compressed, preventing them from fully expanding. Thus, both the heart and lungs of the patient are subjected to certain pressures, affecting both cardiac and pulmonary functions. In addition to the impact on cardiopulmonary function, the patient's thoracic cage is deformed. It appears as if the center of the chest has been punched in. This kind of deformed chest affects the patient's social abilities, including interactions with potential boyfriends or girlfriends. Imagine, for instance, removing one's shirt at the pool in summer, attracting stares as if one were a monster. Therefore, patients may lack confidence, especially in romantic and social interactions, and some may even experience certain levels of depression or suicidal tendencies.

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Written by Zhang Zhi Gong

Cardiothoracic Surgery

1min 19sec

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Can funnel chest heal itself?

Actually, a portion of children with pectus excavatum can heal on their own, especially those who are newly born and discovered to have pectus excavatum. This is because children are curled up while in the mother's womb. In some cases, their hands and feet might be placed in front of the sternum, pressing it backward and inward, causing a deformity. However, once the mother gives birth and the child's limbs unfold, the pressure on the sternum is relieved. As the chest grows, it gradually returns to its normal shape, and these children with pectus excavatum can be cured. On the other hand, another group of patients do not have pectus excavatum at birth, but develop a noticeable chest indentation as they grow older. These patients, when they are young, can also be treated with conservative methods, such as using a vacuum bell for pectus excavatum to gradually draw the indentation outward. With its stabilizing effect, as the child grows, the deformity can be slowly corrected. Of course, there are also children who might have a more rapid skeletal development, and essentially become "set" in their ways. At this stage, they may require surgical intervention to treat the condition. In summary, a portion of pectus excavatum patients can be healed, while another portion requires active intervention and treatment.

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Written by Zhang Zhi Gong

Cardiothoracic Surgery

1min 23sec

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How to exercise to correct pectus excavatum

Pectus excavatum refers to the inward and backward indentation of the sternum, a deformity that can compress the patient's heart and lungs. To exercise for pectus excavatum, patients are advised to practice deep breathing exercises to enhance lung function, as well as engage in appropriate running and routine physical activities to strengthen heart function. However, in cases of severe pectus excavatum which severely compresses the heart, even pushing it entirely to the left side, patients may not be able to tolerate running and other intense activities. Therefore, it is quite difficult to completely correct pectus excavatum through exercise alone. Some parents might think that doing push-ups can correct pectus excavatum, but push-ups make the pectoral muscles on both sides stronger, and since these muscles pull outward, the force is not directed in the same way as the inward and backward indentation of pectus excavatum. Furthermore, continuously training the pectoral muscles causes them to develop, and the resultant thickening of the muscles on both sides can exacerbate the inward and backward indentation of the sternum in the middle. Thus, after appropriate cardiovascular and pulmonary exercises, those with severe pectus excavatum should still consult a doctor for active advice and consider surgical treatment options.

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Written by Zhang Zhi Gong

Cardiothoracic Surgery

48sec

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Pectus excavatum should see which department?

If the patient is relatively young, under 14 years old, and wishes to consult about pectus excavatum care, pediatric healthcare can be considered. However, if the patient is older, or in addition to pediatric healthcare advice, seeks information on how to treat pectus excavatum, it is advisable to consult with a local thoracic surgery department, if available. This is because thoracic surgeons offer not only information on the causes or care of pectus excavatum but also treatment options. Both conservative treatment plans and surgical interventions are available from thoracic surgeons. Of course, not all hospitals have a department of thoracic surgery, but general top-tier hospitals typically do; if there is no thoracic surgery available locally, considering general surgery might be the only alternative.