The clinical symptoms of chronic renal failure mainly include symptoms related to disturbances in electrolyte and acid-base balance, as well as symptoms of metabolic disorders of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins. There are also manifestations in various organ systems, including the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, hematologic system, neuromuscular system, endocrine system, and bone lesions. Metabolic acidosis is common; patients may also exhibit water and sodium retention or hypovolemia and hyponatremia. Potassium metabolism disorders are often characterized by hyperkalemia, while disturbances in phosphorus and calcium metabolism are mainly manifested as hyperphosphatemia and calcium deficiency. Patients may also show cardiovascular manifestations, primarily hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and uremic cardiomyopathy. Gastrointestinal symptoms in patients may include loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. Additionally, renal anemia and a tendency to bleed are common, and skeletal changes are quite frequent, leading to malnutrition of bones, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis.