How to treat acute pyelonephritis?

Written by Hu Lin
Nephrology
Updated on May 09, 2025
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During the acute phase, it is important to rest, drink plenty of water, urinate frequently, and provide a diet that is easy to digest, high in calories, and rich in vitamins for patients with fever. For patients with evident bladder irritation symptoms and significant hematuria, oral sodium bicarbonate can be taken to alkalize the urine and relieve symptoms. The primary treatment for acute pyelonephritis, of course, is anti-infection therapy. The pathogen in 80% of acute pyelonephritis cases is Escherichia coli. After collecting urine samples for bacterial examination, treatment should be initiated. For patients with milder conditions, outpatient oral medication can suffice, with a treatment duration of 10 to 14 days. Common medications include ofloxacin, amoxicillin, and cephalosporins, among others. Secondly, for severe infections accompanied by obvious systemic toxic symptoms, hospitalization for intravenous medication is required. Commonly chosen drugs include ampicillin, cefotaxime sodium, ceftriaxone sodium, and levofloxacin, etc. If the patient improves following the above treatments, they can switch to oral therapy after fever cessation and continue with a drip for three more days to complete a two-week course of treatment. (Please use medications under the guidance of a doctor; do not self-medicate.)

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Written by Zhou Qi
Nephrology
1min 7sec home-news-image

Can pyelonephritis be cured?

Whether pyelonephritis can be cured mainly depends on whether the patient has predisposing factors for urinary tract infections. These factors primarily include: Firstly, abnormalities in the anatomical structure of the urinary tract that may lead to obstruction of urine excretion, such as urological system stones, tumors, prolonged indwelling catheters, congenital abnormalities of the urinary system, and others. Additionally, there are some conditions that may lead to a decreased immune response, such as elderly individuals who are bedridden, those with diabetes, or patients using immunosuppressants. If the aforementioned factors are present, treatment of such cases of pyelonephritis might be challenging, with patients possibly experiencing recurrent episodes and potentially progressing to chronic pyelonephritis, eventually becoming difficult to cure completely. However, if none of these factors exist, the majority of cases with simple acute pyelonephritis can be cured and controlled by medication.

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Written by Zhou Qi
Nephrology
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How to check for pyelonephritis?

Pyelonephritis, also known as upper urinary tract infection, is mostly caused by bacterial infection and the inflammatory response of the urinary system. The screening for this disease involves routine urine tests. Presence of white blood cells in the urine, coupled with symptoms like fever and back pain, can lead to a preliminary diagnosis. However, to confirm the diagnosis and identify the specific infecting pathogen, a culture of midstream urine is needed. Generally, to exclude certain causes of pyelonephritis, it is also necessary for the patient to have blood sugar levels checked and an ultrasound of the urinary system conducted. These tests can confirm whether the patient has diabetes, urinary system stones, or obstructions in the urinary system. Male patients can also undergo a prostate ultrasound to rule out urinary obstruction caused by prostate enlargement. These examinations can also help determine why the patient might have developed pyelonephritis.

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Written by Li Liu Sheng
Nephrology
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What causes acute pyelonephritis?

Acute pyelonephritis refers to an acute inflammatory disease caused by bacteria invading the renal pelvis. It is commonly seen in women of childbearing age, the elderly, individuals with weakened immune systems, and patients with urinary tract obstructions. The main clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis typically include frequent urination, increased urination frequency, painful urination, back pain, fever, cold stomach, and it can even present symptoms such as headache, whole body muscle soreness, nausea, and vomiting. The most common pathogen causing acute pyelonephritis is Escherichia coli, while other bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can also cause infections of acute pyelonephritis. Therefore, it is crucial to actively choose sensitive antibiotics for the treatment of acute pyelonephritis.

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Written by Zhou Qi
Nephrology
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Is pyelonephritis more serious or nephritis more serious?

Pyelonephritis is an upper urinary tract infection caused by a bacterial infection, leading to an inflammatory response in the urinary system. The severity of this condition can vary. Nephritis, on the other hand, refers to the sterile inflammation within the glomeruli of the kidney, which also varies in severity. Therefore, it is challenging to compare these two diseases in terms of their severity. In the case of pyelonephritis, most conditions are relatively more treatable, and using antibiotics can control acute pyelonephritis. However, a small number of patients may develop severe complications such as perinephric abscess, acute renal failure, renal papillary necrosis, and even death from septic shock. The severity of nephritis also varies, with symptoms ranging from significant proteinuria to mild hematuria. Therefore, a comparison should be based on the specific conditions of the patients. (The use of medications should be under the guidance of a doctor.)

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Written by Zhou Qi
Nephrology
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Is pyelonephritis easy to treat?

Pyelonephritis is generally not difficult to treat. Because the condition often appears quite aggressive, it is caused by bacteria entering the urinary system through the urethra, leading to an inflammatory response. Therefore, the primary treatment involves using antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Most of the bacteria causing pyelonephritis are Gram-negative rods, so antibiotics sensitive to Gram-negative rods are often chosen. After a treatment course of 10-14 days, the patient's condition is generally controllable and curable. However, there are also a few cases of chronic pyelonephritis, involving complex factors related to urinary tract infections, such as urinary tract malformations, urinary system stones, prostate hyperplasia, diabetes, etc., which make treatment more difficult. (Medication should be used under the guidance of a doctor.)