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Tetanus
Does tetanus cause fever in its early stages?
Tetanus is actually a disease caused by the tetanus bacillus, generally entering the body after mucous membrane damage. In the early stages of tetanus, there usually are no fever symptoms. Fever typically appears in the middle to late stages. Generally, it is preceded by symptoms like episodic muscle spasms or tonic spasms. During this period, the incubation period can be about one week. In this time, the patient may experience symptoms such as general fatigue, headaches, and dizziness. Under circumstances where infection is likely, it is crucial to administer tetanus antitoxin promptly to effectively prevent the disease. Since the disease's morbidity and danger increase significantly in its middle to late stages, and the likelihood of death is also relatively high.
How to treat tetanus?
Generally speaking, a tetanus shot needs to be administered intramuscularly, but a skin test must be conducted before injection because tetanus vaccines can easily cause allergic reactions. The skin test usually involves a subcutaneous injection on the palm side of the forearm, followed by an observation period of 15 to 20 minutes. If there is no redness or itching, and the skin test is negative, then the vaccine can be administered intramuscularly, usually in the buttock. However, if the skin test is positive, as indicated by symptoms like redness, significant itching, or even systemic symptoms such as dizziness and cold sweats, it shows that the skin test for tetanus is positive. In this case, one can opt for a desensitization injection of diluted tetanus vaccine, followed by intramuscular injections four times, once every half hour, needing about two hours to complete.
What should I do if I drink alcohol with tetanus?
If there are high risk factors for tetanus infection after an injury, and alcohol has been consumed, it is generally advisable to wait until sobriety before conducting relevant skin tests. Currently, there is no clear research on the relationship between alcohol consumption and an allergy to tetanus antitoxin. It is not very clear whether alcohol impacts the results of a skin test, so it is safer to perform the test after sobering up. Since the consequences of a tetanus infection can be severe, and the tetanus injection itself carries a certain risk of anaphylactic shock, which can lead to multiple organ problems and even be life-threatening, it is generally safer to conduct the skin test after sobering up and then proceed with the timely injection treatment. If the skin test is positive, tetanus immunoglobulin should be chosen promptly.
How long does a tetanus shot last?
The duration of effectiveness for a tetanus shot depends on the specific type of injection used, as different injections vary in their duration of protection. Generally, the protection lasts about two to three days. In cases of infection, it is usually necessary to administer the vaccine within 24 hours. Under these circumstances, a period of about two to three days can be used to clean the wound, thereby achieving the best preventive effect. Additionally, there are other vaccines that are ten to twenty times more effective than this type of vaccine, with a typical prevention time ranging up to 15 days or even about a month. Of course, after receiving the tetanus vaccine, it is important to monitor for any allergic reactions, as different injections may vary in their degree of allergenicity, and individual reactions can differ based on personal health conditions.
Can you drink alcohol with tetanus?
After receiving a tetanus vaccine, it is not recommended to drink alcohol. It is best to avoid spicy, stimulating, and greasy foods. Usually, when patients are injured, they may need to receive a tetanus vaccine. Especially when injured by rusty metal, the tetanus vaccine can effectively prevent tetanus. However, drinking alcohol at the same time as receiving the tetanus vaccine can easily lead to a drug reaction, causing adverse reactions. For example, increased heart rate, dizziness, palpitations, vomiting, and even shock, which can be life-threatening in severe cases. Furthermore, drinking alcohol is also detrimental to the healing of wounds. Depending on the recovery of the body, patients can generally drink a small amount of alcohol after a week.
Do not get a tetanus shot before a certain age.
Tetanus antitoxin, this type of vaccine, generally has no significant age restrictions. It is usually best not to administer it before the age of one, as it involves using a toxin to combat toxins and prevent certain diseases. Therefore, it is advised not to vaccinate before one year of age. However, not everyone needs to be vaccinated against tetanus; it only serves as a preventive measure and is only necessary if there is a possibility of infection. For instance, vaccination is required when there are deep wounds or apparent injuries from rusty metal, as these conditions have a higher risk of infection. In such cases, administering tetanus antitoxin can effectively prevent infection. Thus, vaccination should depend on the specific situation rather than on age.
How many times can a tetanus shot be administered in a year?
The tetanus toxin vaccine is used for emergency vaccination. The main ingredient of this vaccine is the tetanus antitoxin. It is best to be vaccinated within 24 hours, and the sooner the vaccination is administered, the stronger the potential for protection. However, the duration of protection provided by the vaccine is not very long, and the effect of the tetanus antitoxin medication generally lasts about a week. Therefore, vaccination within 24 hours can effectively prevent problems that may occur within that week. Generally, there is no specific number for the annual frequency, but it is usually recommended not to exceed three times per year. Of course, this depends on the degree of injury. If there is a risk of infection, then the vaccine should be administered since its preventive effect is currently considered the best and can achieve significant efficacy.
How deep is a tetanus wound?
There is no clear boundary concerning how deep a wound needs to be to carry a risk of tetanus; mainly, it depends on whether the conditions allow for anaerobic bacteria to thrive. Particularly, wounds that are very small on the surface but deep can lead to substantial proliferation of tetanus bacilli. A common example is a foot wound caused by stepping on a nail, where the exterior opening of the wound is small, but it is deep inside, and the nail surface may be rusty and also carry a large amount of tetanus bacilli. If the wound is not promptly and thoroughly cleaned, it can lead to massive growth of tetanus bacilli, resulting in the onset of severe illness in the patient.
Symptoms of Tetanus
What are the symptoms of tetanus? Generally, the prodromal symptoms include overall weakness, headache, difficulty swallowing, or limited movement of the head and neck. If the condition progresses further, there may be typical symptoms such as difficulty opening the mouth or tense jaw muscles, leading to muscle spasms in the limbs, possibly causing spasms of the larynx, which can lead to breathing difficulties or even suffocation. Hence, it is a particularly severe manifestation. Some individuals may experience generalized tonic muscle spasms throughout the body, a milder manifestation with a typically longer incubation period. Therefore, in the treatment of tetanus, proactive active immunization should be pursued.
What are the complications of tetanus?
The main complications of tetanus primarily include suffocation, atelectasis, and pulmonary infections. Patients with severe conditions should have a tracheotomy performed as soon as possible to improve ventilation and clear the respiratory tract secretions. At the same time, artificial assisted breathing can be conducted, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy can be used as an adjunctive treatment. Care during tracheotomy should focus on airway management, including airway nebulization, humidification, flushing, and prevention of pressure sores, utilizing strict aseptic techniques to prevent cross-infection and subsequent pulmonary infections. Antibiotics should be selected based on the type of bacteria, and dedicated personnel should be assigned for nursing to prevent injuries from biting the tongue.