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Anal fistula
Symptoms of hemorrhoids and anal fistula
If there are concurrent hemorrhoids and anal fistulas, then the clinical manifestations primarily involve the combined symptoms of both conditions. The clinical manifestations of hemorrhoids mainly include recurrent prolapse of local swellings at the anus along with defecation bleeding or pain. As for anal fistulas, they primarily present with local infectious symptoms at the anus because anal fistulas have distinct external and internal openings. During acute episodes, there typically is intermittent discharge of pus from the external opening along with accompanying stabbing pain. If the patient also has hemorrhoids or an exposed anal fissure, it is recommended to proceed with surgical treatment as soon as possible. The only treatment method for anal fistulas is surgery. During the surgery, while excising the wall of the anal fistula tract, mixed hemorrhoids can also be removed simultaneously, achieving the purpose of complete cure.
Anal fistulas secondary to which disease?
An anal fistula generally originates from a perianal abscess, which is an infection focus formed near the anal sinuses in the local area of the anus. During its onset, there is obvious local redness, swelling, heat, and pain accompanied by the formation of a pus cavity containing pus. As the condition of the perianal abscess worsens, the local pus cavity will rupture and discharge pus, thus forming an anal fistula. After the rupture of a perianal abscess, its external opening cannot heal by itself, and there will be intermittent recurring discharge of pus. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out surgical treatment as soon as possible after the formation of an anal fistula, to prevent the enlargement of the local pus cavity or thickening of the fistula wall, which complicates later surgery and treatment and significantly impacts the patient's normal life.
How to determine if you have an anal fistula
First, you can judge whether you have an anal fistula based on symptoms. Patients with anal fistula often experience recurrent perianal swelling and pain, as well as discharge of pus and blood, which may also have a foul odor, with secretion often found on their underwear. In such cases, patients should consider whether they have an anal fistula. Additionally, patients with anal fistulas in the early stages often have perianal abscesses, which generally tend to form fistulas after the abscess ruptures spontaneously or is surgically drained. Patients can also visit the colorectal surgery department of a hospital for a digital rectal examination, where the fistula tract and the internal opening can be felt. MRI scans of the perianal region can also be performed to determine the type and severity of the anal fistula. Clinically, once an anal fistula is detected, it is advisable to opt for fistula excision surgery to completely cure the anal fistula by removing the internal opening and the fistula tract. Post-surgery, it is essential to persist with dressing changes to avoid wound infection and bleeding.
How long does it take to recover after surgery for an anal fistula?
Healing after surgery for an anal fistula requires some time, and the longer healing duration is mainly related to two factors: The first reason is that anal fistula is a localized infectious disease of the anus with the presence of a fistula. The principle of surgery is primarily to remove the fistula. Therefore, after the surgery, the wound surface from the removed fistula wall is relatively large and requires time to heal. The second reason is that the local area around the anus is a contaminated wound, with feces passing through daily. Feces are a significant source of contamination, so the wound healing is influenced by the irritation from feces, resulting in a non-sterile wound environment. Consequently, the wound healing rate after the surgery is slower compared to the healing rate of sterile wounds in other body tissues. Therefore, the recovery time after anal fistula surgery is approximately 3 to 4 weeks.
Can an anal fistula be left untreated for a lifetime?
If diagnosed with an anal fistula, one should not forego treatment indefinitely, as an anal fistula is a localized infectious disease of the anal region. Without active treatment, the infection may further spread, increase the number of fistula branches, and potentially induce a high, complex anal fistula. There is also a risk that the fistula and the infection might penetrate the local anal sphincter, reaching the ischioanal fossa and causing other infectious diseases. The primary treatment method for anal fistulas is surgical, mainly involving fistulotomy with seton placement, which thoroughly removes the local infection, allowing the anal fistula to heal. Neglecting active treatment could worsen the condition or increase the difficulty of future surgeries.
What is the most accurate test for anal fistula?
As a common disease in proctology, simple anal fistulas can be diagnosed through visual inspection and palpation. For high-positioned complex anal fistulas, which cannot be accurately assessed through just visual inspection and palpation, the use of instruments may be necessary. Currently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended as the most accurate method for evaluating anal fistulas, and it is considered the gold standard for examining the course of the fistula tract and the location of the infection.
What causes anal fistulas?
The most common cause of anal fistula is perianal abscess. Both anal fistula and perianal abscess involve infections at the anal crypts. Typically, an anal fistula forms naturally after a perianal abscess ruptures. Once an anal fistula occurs, it requires prompt surgical treatment. The primary surgical technique is fistulotomy with seton placement, thoroughly removing the local lesion and infection focus to allow fresh granulation tissue to regrow. Anal fistula is a local infectious disease of the anus, generally categorized into simple superficial anal fistula and high-risk complex anal fistula. If a high-position complex anal fistula is suspected, further diagnosis may require additional examination with pelvic MRI or perianal ultrasonography. After the rupture of a perianal abscess, it typically forms a characteristic internal and external opening, with a fistula tract connecting them, thereby forming the typical anal fistula.
causes of anal fistula
Anal fistula is one of the common diseases in proctology. The formation of an anal fistula is caused by infection of the anal sinuses and anal glands. Due to damage to the anal sinuses and anal glands, bacteria from the intestines enter these areas. As immunity weakens, the bacteria cause localized inflammation, which then leads to the formation of an abscess. After the abscess bursts, an anal fistula forms. This is the pathogenesis of anal fistula.
Best treatment method for anal fistula abscess
The best treatment method for anal fistula and perianal abscess is surgical treatment, which is also the only curative method. Conservative treatment using drugs alone can only alleviate local inflammatory symptoms and cannot achieve complete cure. The main surgical method is the cutting and threading technique. This involves threading and ligating the infected area and the sphincter muscle. Through the slow cutting and drainage action of the ligature, the infection focus is removed while protecting the anal sphincter. Postoperatively, it is also important to pay attention to disinfecting and draining the local wound, ensuring proper dressing changes, and preventing poor drainage that could lead to infection or recurrence. It is advised that patients avoid spicy and irritating foods for the first six months after surgery.
How to deal with the internal opening of an anal fistula?
The internal opening of an anal fistula is generally located at the site of inflammation in the anal crypt. The primary reason for the formation of an anal fistula is the repeated outbreaks at the anal crypt, which lead to further infection and the formation of a perianal abscess. When the abscess cavity ruptures, it forms an external opening and the anal fistula. Surgical treatment is required for the internal opening of an anal fistula, generally involving a seton procedure that threads a line through the internal opening and part of the sphincter muscle, gradually cutting and draining the area slowly. If the inflammation at the internal opening is significant, it may also be necessary to excise part of the infected site in the anal crypt. Post-surgery care of the internal opening of an anal fistula primarily involves dressing changes, requiring daily thorough disinfection of the local area, ensuring clear drainage, to allow the granulation tissue at the internal opening to grow freshly, and to slowly heal the wound without infection. (Medication should be taken under the guidance of a doctor.)