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Zhou Qi
Nephrology
About me
An associate chief physician in the Nephrology Department of the People's Hospital of Ma'anshan City, with a Master's degree from a key medical university. Participated or led multiple projects funded by the Natural Science Foundation, and published nearly ten papers in Chinese and core journals.
Proficient in diseases
Glomerular diseases, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis, blood purification.
Voices
How is hydronephrosis caused?
The causes of hydronephrosis can be divided into congenital, acquired, and external factors. Among these, acquired causes are the most common, primarily referring to obstructions in the urinary tract, such as stones that block the ureter, leading to hydronephrosis, inflammation, or ischemic damage. Scarring of the ureter can also result in hydronephrosis. Tumors or polyps in the renal pelvis and ureter may also cause obstructions leading to fluid accumulation. External causes mainly include diseases of retroperitoneal organs, such as abscesses, bleeding, tumors in the retroperitoneum, and pelvic tumors, like rectal cancer. Congenital causes mainly involve intrinsic narrowing of the ureter, ectopic vessels causing compression, and high insertion of the ureter, which are less common.
IgA nephropathy manifestations
IgA nephropathy is a pathological type of chronic glomerulonephritis. The clinical manifestations of this disease are diverse, with the typical clinical presentation of IgA nephropathy being hematuria, especially visible hematuria following a cold. However, patients may also exhibit other features, such as significant amounts of urinary protein. In some cases, this can reach the level of 3.5g in a 24-hour urine protein quantification. Patients may experience edema, such as swelling in the lower limbs, eyelids, etc. There could also be clinical presentations of high blood pressure, rapid progression of renal failure, and other symptoms.
What should I do about edema from chronic renal failure?
Chronic renal failure often leads to edema, which is a common symptom associated with the decreased ability of the kidneys to excrete water, resulting in significant water retention in the body. There are two treatment options for this disease. First, medication can be used, typically diuretics such as loop diuretics. After administration, the patient's urine output increases, which can help reduce edema. Second, for patients who do not respond well to medication, and in cases where edema leads to heart failure or pulmonary edema, dialysis treatment may be considered. Through dialysis ultrafiltration and dehydration, edema can also be alleviated.
Is stage three diabetic nephropathy severe?
Stage three of diabetic nephropathy refers to patients who have persistent microalbuminuria, indicating a relatively mild state of the disease at this time. In fact, diabetic nephropathy is divided into five stages. During the first and second stages, patients generally do not exhibit specific symptoms clinically and may even test negative for proteinuria; however, an increase in kidney size and glomerular filtration rate may occur. By the third stage, patients begin to exhibit small or micro amounts of urinary albumin. The pathological damage to the kidneys at this stage is not considered particularly severe. Patients may experience hyalinization of small arteries and nodular lesions in the glomeruli. Within the staging of diabetic nephropathy, this does not constitute a particularly severe phase; however, the condition of the patients may continue to progress, leading to significant proteinuria and even renal failure.
Characteristics of Nephrotic Syndrome
The characteristic feature of nephrotic syndrome is that patients may experience edema, which is related to the nature of this disease. The essence of this disease is due to some reason that damages the glomerular capillary filtration barrier. As a result, when blood passes through the glomeruli, it leaks proteins from the blood. A 24-hour urinary protein quantification will exceed 3.5 grams, which constitutes a large amount of urinary protein. Consequently, a large amount of protein is leaked into the urine, causing the protein concentration in the plasma to decrease. This leads to a reduction in the colloidal osmotic pressure of the plasma, causing fluid to move from inside the blood vessels to outside, thus leading to edema. Therefore, the most significant clinical feature of nephrotic syndrome is the potential to cause edema, and severe cases of edema may elevate blood pressure, lead to pulmonary edema, manifesting as difficulty breathing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
How to check for pyelonephritis?
Pyelonephritis, also known as upper urinary tract infection, is mostly caused by bacterial infection and the inflammatory response of the urinary system. The screening for this disease involves routine urine tests. Presence of white blood cells in the urine, coupled with symptoms like fever and back pain, can lead to a preliminary diagnosis. However, to confirm the diagnosis and identify the specific infecting pathogen, a culture of midstream urine is needed. Generally, to exclude certain causes of pyelonephritis, it is also necessary for the patient to have blood sugar levels checked and an ultrasound of the urinary system conducted. These tests can confirm whether the patient has diabetes, urinary system stones, or obstructions in the urinary system. Male patients can also undergo a prostate ultrasound to rule out urinary obstruction caused by prostate enlargement. These examinations can also help determine why the patient might have developed pyelonephritis.
How to check for diabetic nephropathy?
For the examination of diabetic nephropathy, patients first need to undergo routine urinalysis and check for the urinary albumin excretion rate. Generally speaking, one characteristic of diabetic nephropathy is the presence of urinary protein. A urinary albumin excretion rate between 20 and 200 µg/min is an important basis for diagnosing early diabetic nephropathy. If a patient’s urinary albumin excretion rate consistently exceeds 200 µg/min, significant diabetic nephropathy is often considered. Of course, this is under the assumption that the patient has had diabetes for at least ten years and has diabetic retinopathy. A kidney biopsy is needed for confirmation. Of course, to assess the impact of diabetic nephropathy on kidney function, blood tests for serum creatinine and urea nitrogen are necessary.
How is diabetic nephropathy treated?
The treatment of diabetic nephropathy also depends on the specific stage the patient is in. During stages one to three, the main clinical treatments include controlling blood sugar, blood pressure, and lipids. Patients with diabetes often also have these metabolic disorders, including hypertension and hyperlipidemia, which can damage the kidneys. In addition, in the early stages, some medications are often chosen to reduce the pressure on the glomeruli. For example, using ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter, these drugs can also slow the progression of kidney failure. However, if the patient's condition has progressed to stage five, which is essentially equivalent to the state of uremia, the patient will then need dialysis treatment.
Treatment of Anemia in Diabetic Nephropathy
Compared to primary chronic nephritis, patients with diabetic nephropathy develop anemia earlier and more severely. The treatment for this type of anemia is divided into two aspects. Firstly, since it is anemia caused by renal lesions leading to a lack of erythropoietin, it is necessary to supplement erythropoietin, as well as iron and folic acid, which are raw materials for blood production, for the anemia caused by diabetic nephropathy. Additionally, patients with diabetic nephropathy are prone to malnutrition and should enhance nutritional support, especially by increasing the intake of high-quality animal protein.
How is hydronephrosis treated?
The treatment of hydronephrosis often requires surgery. Decisions about diagnosis and treatment plans should be based on clinical symptoms, the duration of the obstruction, the location of the obstruction, and whether there is an infection. Since hydronephrosis is typically caused by a pathological factor that blocks the ureter, surgery is often necessary to remove the obstruction in order to address the hydronephrosis and prevent further damage to kidney function. The principle of the surgery is that if the obstruction is minor, a simple corrective surgery may suffice. However, if the dilation of the ureter and renal pelvis is very significant, a reanastomosis of the ureter and renal pelvis might be needed.