How is pulpitis caused?

Written by Li Bao Hua
Dentistry
Updated on February 20, 2025
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Pulpitis is caused by bacterial infection. The oral cavity is an environment with bacteria, and if teeth are not brushed promptly after eating, bacteria can break down food into lactic acid, leading to demineralization of the teeth. This further infection causes tooth decay and the formation of cavities. In addition to these cariogenic factors, pulpitis may also be due to periodontitis or the destruction of periodontal supporting tissues, leading to a retrograde infection. There are also large amounts of bacteria in the periodontal pocket. If the periodontal pocket is deep enough to reach the root apex, it may sometimes cause retrograde apical periodontitis. Moreover, if the teeth are malformed and are accidentally bitten off or broken during the eruption process, this can also cause inflammation of the dental nerve, which is pulpitis.

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Written by Li Bao Hua
Dentistry
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Late-stage consequences of pulpitis

Pulpitis is a severe pain manifestation caused by bacterial infection of the dental pulp tissue. If pulpitis is not treated in a timely manner, and it develops to a late stage, it might intensify the pain. In the early stages, the pain may only occur when eating or due to temperature sensitivity. In the later stages of pulpitis, spontaneous pain may occur, meaning that the teeth may hurt without any external stimuli, or symptoms of nighttime pain might appear, often causing pain at night or pain that can awaken someone from sleep. In its late stages, pulpitis can also develop into pus formation in the pulp tissue, also known as suppurative pulpitis, characterized by pain relief with cold and exacerbation with heat, meaning that cold water can relieve the pain, while hot water can worsen it.

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Can pulpitis cause headaches?

Pulpitis can cause headaches. Pulpitis is caused by the progression of dental caries, and it is the natural outcome of dental caries. Bacterial infections cause the dental nerve to become purulent and necrotic, or cause an acute inflammatory response in the dental nerve, which is pulpitis. The clinical symptoms of pulpitis include pain stimulated by hot and cold, which becomes more noticeable when consuming hot or cold food, or the pain may be non-localizable, which is also a typical symptom of pulpitis. It often happens that if one tooth suffers from pulpitis, the pain may occur in teeth on the same side of both the upper and lower jaws, and it is unclear which specific tooth is causing the pain, due to the non-localizing nature of pulpitis. Additionally, sometimes the pain may radiate towards the ear causing headaches, which is why pulpitis can lead to headaches.

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Is pulpitis the same as tooth decay?

Pulpitis is actually a pain response that occurs when tooth decay further develops inflammation reaching the dental pulp tissue. Strictly speaking, pulpitis is an inflammatory pain response of the dental pulp that occurs when tooth decay further develops bacterial infection of the dental pulp tissue. Pulpitis requires early dental treatment. For tooth decay, it is sometimes sufficient to remove the decayed infected dental tissue and directly fill it. In cases of pulpitis, where the dental nerve is already exposed, anti-inflammatory treatment is necessary. First, the infected dental pulp tissue is removed with a drill, and since the dental nerve is exposed, nerve-killing is required. After controlling the inflammation, the root canal is disinfected, medication is placed in the root canal, and then the root canal is filled, which means that a complete root canal treatment is needed.

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Does root canal treatment for pulpitis hurt?

During the treatment process of pulpitis root canal, there will be some pain. Pulpitis is caused by bacterial infection that leads to inflammation of the dental nerve, and the pain is very intense. First, the ocular nerve should be treated, and pulp extraction can be performed under local anesthesia. During this stage, if anesthetic is administered, the pain will not be so apparent. If no local anesthesia is applied, it is still possible to proceed directly with opening the pulp chamber, but there will be intense pain at the moment of opening. After opening the pulp chamber, the pressure is relieved, and the pain symptoms of pulpitis often can be alleviated. Additionally, medication can be sealed into the root canal, and after controlling the inflammation, the root canal can be filled. During the process of sealing medication and filling the root canal, stimulation of the root apex area may cause discomfort in that area.

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Pulpitis alleviated by cold water

Relief from pulpitis with cold water is a typical clinical manifestation of acute suppurative pulpitis, characterized by pain with heat and relief with cold. It is common to see patients coming to the clinic holding cold water or holding cold water in their mouth to help alleviate the pain. For this type of acute suppurative pulpitis, the initial treatment should involve opening the pulp to relieve pressure. After the pressure is relieved, a devitalizing agent is used to devitalize the tissue, which is commonly referred to as "killing the nerve." Once the nerve is dead, the pulp tissue loses its sensory function, and the intensity of the pain will be alleviated.