Periodontitis is caused by the invasion of plaque and bacteria into the periodontal supporting tissues, including the gums, periodontal membrane, dentin, and alveolar bone, leading to chronic inflammation and destruction of these tissues. Healthy gums are pink in color, thin at the edges, and tightly adhere to the tooth surface; they are also tough and not prone to bleeding. When periodontitis occurs, there is a significant accumulation of tartar on the tooth surface. This tartar irritates the gums, causing them to become red and swollen, soft in texture, and prone to bleeding upon contact. Periodontal pockets may form, and in severe cases, pus may exude from these pockets. The absorption of the alveolar bone and loosening of the teeth can eventually lead to tooth loss.