Does hydrocephalus affect intelligence?

Written by Chen Yu Fei
Neurosurgery
Updated on September 02, 2024
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Mild hydrocephalus generally does not significantly affect intellectual levels, while moderate or severe hydrocephalus often impacts a patient’s intelligence. In children, it can cause severe impairment in intellectual development. For adults, it results in noticeable intellectual deficiencies, primarily characterized by significant cognitive dysfunction, reduced memory, diminished calculating abilities, and weakened verbal communication skills. Additionally, individuals may appear indifferent, speak less, are reluctant to interact with others, and have difficulty expressing themselves. Furthermore, most patients experience reduced orientation abilities concerning time, people, and space, which are predominantly caused by hydrocephalus.

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Early manifestations of infant hydrocephalus

Infant hydrocephalus initially manifests as an enlarged head, beginning from birth with progressive increase in head circumference that is disproportionate to body growth. Upon examination, bulging fontanelles, thin scalp, and clearly visible scalp veins can be observed, with widened or even separated sutures. Additionally, due to increased intracranial pressure, symptoms such as irritability, recurrent vomiting, refusal to eat, abnormal behavior, and seizures may present as early indicators.

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How to prevent hydrocephalus?

To prevent hydrocephalus, it is first recommended to cultivate good living habits, such as a diet low in salt and fat, and light in nature. Avoid eating overly greasy, spicy, and irritating foods. Additionally, engage in aerobic exercise daily, keeping it under 30 minutes, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of hydrocephalus. For patients with severe cranial trauma or serious central nervous system infections, toxic encephalopathy, etc., if the patient's condition is stable, a timely follow-up head CT scan should be conducted to dynamically observe changes in the patient’s condition. Furthermore, if some patients do not have clear contraindications for surgery, considering a lumbar puncture might be an option to maintain the fluid flow in the brain and prevent hydrocephalus.

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Is hydrocephalus serious?

Hydrocephalus is relatively serious. When hydrocephalus occurs, it gradually affects the patient's motor functions of the limbs, causing weakness in one or both sides, difficulty in lifting, walking impairments, difficulty performing fine motor actions, and ataxia. It may even lead to frequent falls. Additionally, there are significant cognitive impairments, characterized by reduced intelligence levels, decreased computational abilities, and even certain degrees of language dysfunctions. Patients may also exhibit significant personality changes, such as feelings of anxiety, depression, apathetic expressions, and a dislike for communication and interaction with others.

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Manifestations of Hydrocephalus

For hydrocephalus, it often manifests as noticeable enlargement of the ventricular system. Additionally, patients experience symptoms of increased intracranial pressure such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, and dry heaves. Severe hydrocephalus can lead to significant increases in intracranial pressure, with patients suffering from severe headaches, dizziness, and even accompanied by papilledema, decreased vision, visual field defects, and optic atrophy. Furthermore, patients with hydrocephalus may exhibit significant cognitive dysfunction, characterized by reduced intelligence levels, diminished learning ability, computational skills, and memory loss. The physical motor functions of patients also gradually decline, presenting as unstable walking, a propensity to fall, and even possibly accompanied by urinary and fecal incontinence.

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Hydrocephalus should be treated in the neurology department.

If you have hydrocephalus, it is recommended to visit the neurosurgery department at your local hospital and ask a neurosurgeon to assess your current condition. It is generally advised that patients undergo a cranial CT scan or MRI to determine the extent and severity of the hydrocephalus and to choose the appropriate treatment method. For static hydrocephalus, most patients do not exhibit clear clinical symptoms and generally do not require special treatment, regular monitoring is sufficient. For progressive hydrocephalus, surgical treatment is often necessary, and it is generally recommended that patients undergo ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery. With surgical treatment, most patients can achieve satisfactory results.