Why does pressing on a teratoma hurt?

Written by Zhao Xiao Dong
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Updated on April 08, 2025
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Teratoma pain is often caused by torsion of the teratoma, which is prone to twisting, especially after vigorous exercise or sexual intercourse. Teratoma torsion typically presents as lower abdominal pain, and physical examination of the teratoma site will show significant tenderness, and even rebound pain. In such cases, emergency surgery is generally required to perform a teratoma excision. If the torsion is too severe and there is obvious ovarian necrosis, a unilateral adnexectomy must be performed, and the ovary cannot be preserved. However, this is relatively rare, and in most cases of teratoma torsion, the ovary can be preserved.

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Is teratoma related to HPV?

Teratomas are not related to HPV. Teratomas grow on the ovaries, while HPV infections occur in the cervix or vaginal area, so the locations of these two diseases are different. There are benign teratomas and immature teratomas, which must be surgically removed after detection. Most women will be infected with the HPV virus at some point in their lives, and the majority will clear the virus within two years through their immune system, so there is no need to be overly concerned about HPV infections, just regular follow-ups are sufficient.

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Can you have intercourse with a teratoma?

When a woman has a teratoma, whether intercourse is advisable depends on the size of the tumor or the woman’s clinical symptoms. For example, if the teratoma is small and usually shows no clinical symptoms, normal intercourse is possible. As the size of the teratoma increases, some women may experience symptoms such as a sensation of heaviness or pain in the lower abdomen accompanied by discomfort in the back. During intercourse, the impact and change in tension could exacerbate these abdominal symptoms. Additionally, frequent changes in position during intercourse might provoke the teratoma, potentially leading to torsion and acute abdominal conditions, such as sudden lower abdominal pain. For these women, intercourse is still possible, but it is important to be gentle and slow when changing positions to avoid inducing these issues.

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How to Determine if a Teratoma is Benign

Teratomas in women are classified into benign and malignant categories. Benign teratomas typically have a complete capsule and grow very slowly. Some women find that the size of the teratoma does not change significantly during follow-up exams. Malignant teratomas, however, grow quickly and can present severe clinical symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bloating, and pelvic masses, with some women also experiencing fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity. Furthermore, blood tests for gynecological tumor markers can also be used for differentiation. For example, in malignant tumors, markers such as CA-125, CA-199, and alpha-fetoprotein are elevated to varying degrees, particularly alpha-fetoprotein. During a CT scan, malignant teratomas may show unclear borders, potentially indicating invasion into the surrounding tissues. Additionally, after surgical removal of the tumor, pathological histological examination can be conducted for further differentiation. For instance, malignant teratomas tend to have a higher proportion of immature components.

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Written by Liu Jian Wei
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Why does a teratoma have hair?

Mature teratomas contain lipids, hair, and even bone and other tissue structures within the tumor cavity. The main reason for this is that teratomas are composed of cells from multiple embryonic layers. These embryonic layer cells can develop in different directions, further developing into tissues such as hair, lipids, or bones. Therefore, during surgical procedures, it is common to find hair within the teratoma.

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How is a teratoma diagnosed?

Teratomas mostly occur on the ovaries. Ovarian tumors generally do not show symptoms in their early stages or when they are small. They are usually discovered during physical examinations, and identified through ultrasound, which will indicate a cystic mass or a cystic-solid mass on the ovaries. Subsequently, serum tumor markers are tested to see if there is an increase. Some patients with teratomas may show a slight increase in alpha-fetoprotein. Further diagnostic steps include a pelvic MRI, which can very clearly display the nature of the tumor and some of the components within the tumor. The most common findings in teratomas include elements like hair and bones. Ultimately, a definitive diagnosis relies on pathological examination.