What is the best treatment for anal fistula?

Written by Chen Tian Jing
Colorectal Surgery
Updated on May 26, 2025
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The primary treatment method for anal fistulas is surgery, which mainly involves the use of a local seton thread. This method allows the surgeons to excise or remove the affected area of the anal fistula while preserving the normal contractile function of the local anal sphincter. This precaution helps prevent excessive removal that could lead to sphincter relaxation or excessive loosening of the anus. As the local sphincter naturally repairs itself and the seton falls out post-surgery, it ensures the proper healing of the local wound. Postoperative care for anal fistula surgery also involves proper drainage and disinfection of the local wound. Daily application of oil gauze and changing of anti-inflammatory medications on the local wound are recommended. This helps in reducing inflammation and facilitating drainage, thereby preventing the occurrence of local pseudohealing.

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Written by Yu Xu Chao
Colorectal Surgery
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What are the precautions after undergoing anal fistula surgery?

Because anal fistula surgery primarily involves removing the internal opening and the fistula tract, the postoperative wound is relatively large. Postoperative care mainly requires consistent dressing changes to ensure the wound drainage remains unobstructed, avoiding infection or false healing. Additionally, patients should develop good bowel habits, maintain smooth bowel movements, and avoid withholding stool. Otherwise, this may lead to dry, hard stools, causing severe pain during defecation or damaging the wound, which could result in bleeding or edema. In terms of diet, patients should choose foods rich in roughage to ensure smooth defecation and eat foods rich in high-quality protein to supplement the amino acids the body needs, promoting wound healing as much as possible. Moreover, after surgery, patients must use an anal wash or potassium permanganate solution for sitz baths. Since the postoperative wound is open and contaminated, changing dressings is especially important.

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Written by Si Li Li
Gastroenterology
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Can colitis cause anal fistula?

If it is chronic colitis, it is possible to cause anal fistulas. Most patients with chronic colitis have symptoms of unformed stools and loose feces. Some feces, which are relatively thin, tend to accumulate in the anal crypts, leading to infection of the anal glands in these areas. The inflammation then spreads to the normal soft tissues around the anus, including subcutaneous tissues, forming perianal abscesses. If a perianal abscess ruptures or is surgically incised to release pus, the external opening and the pus cavity gradually heal and narrow, thus forming an anal fistula. If chronic colitis is diagnosed, it should be promptly diagnosed and treated to prevent the formation of anal fistula.

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Written by Chen Tian Jing
Colorectal Surgery
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Should surgery be performed if there are no symptoms of anal fistula?

If an anal fistula is in its acute phase, the main clinical symptoms are intermittent discharge of pus from the external opening, or pain and itching. If there are no symptoms, and only the external and internal openings along with the fistula tract exist, surgery is still required because the absence of symptoms temporarily does not guarantee that an acute episode will not occur later. During an acute episode, there will be local tissue and skin inflammation, redness, heat, and severe pain. If an anal fistula is not surgically treated for a long time, it may lead to an increase in the number of branches of the fistula or thickening of the fistula wall, and it may even spread to the pelvic cavity. Therefore, once an anal fistula is discovered, it is necessary to perform surgery as soon as possible. Early treatment has significant benefits for wound recovery and the difficulty of the operation.

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Written by Yu Xu Chao
Colorectal Surgery
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How to determine if you have an anal fistula

First, you can judge whether you have an anal fistula based on symptoms. Patients with anal fistula often experience recurrent perianal swelling and pain, as well as discharge of pus and blood, which may also have a foul odor, with secretion often found on their underwear. In such cases, patients should consider whether they have an anal fistula. Additionally, patients with anal fistulas in the early stages often have perianal abscesses, which generally tend to form fistulas after the abscess ruptures spontaneously or is surgically drained. Patients can also visit the colorectal surgery department of a hospital for a digital rectal examination, where the fistula tract and the internal opening can be felt. MRI scans of the perianal region can also be performed to determine the type and severity of the anal fistula. Clinically, once an anal fistula is detected, it is advisable to opt for fistula excision surgery to completely cure the anal fistula by removing the internal opening and the fistula tract. Post-surgery, it is essential to persist with dressing changes to avoid wound infection and bleeding.

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Written by Yu Xu Chao
Colorectal Surgery
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Are hemorrhoids the same as anal fistulas?

Hemorrhoids and anal fistulas are two completely different diseases. Clinically, hemorrhoids can be divided into mixed hemorrhoids, internal hemorrhoids, and external hemorrhoids. Internal hemorrhoids are often characterized by intermittent, painless rectal bleeding, while external hemorrhoids primarily cause symptoms such as a foreign body sensation in the anus and itching. For the treatment of hemorrhoids, if the condition severely affects the patient's normal life, surgical treatment can be considered, such as external peeling and internal ligation surgery, and internal hemorrhoid banding. Anal fistulas are mainly due to perianal abscesses that rupture spontaneously or are incised and drained, subsequently forming an anal fistula, which causes the patient to experience recurrent perianal swelling pain and pus and bloody discharge. Treatment for anal fistulas can only be surgical, and early surgical intervention tends to result in relatively fast postoperative recovery. The surgery mainly involves the removal of the internal opening and the fistula tract, followed by diligent postoperative dressing changes to promote wound healing.