The harms of gestational diabetes mainly include two aspects: the effects on the child and the effects on the pregnant woman herself. For the fetus, the early impacts mainly manifest as spontaneous miscarriage, fetal abnormalities, abnormal fetal development, macrosomia, and delayed maturation of fetal lungs. At birth, this may lead to complications such as premature birth and hypoglycemia. Newborns face a higher risk of respiratory distress syndrome compared to healthy infants. The long-term effects on the child mainly include a significantly increased incidence of glucose intolerance and diabetes, increased risk of obesity, and notable rise in cardiovascular abnormalities and neuromotor developmental disorders. For the mother, the impacts mainly manifest as concurrent miscarriage, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia, an increased likelihood of diabetic ketoacidosis. A macrosomic fetus can lead to difficult labor, trauma to the birth canal, prolonged surgical labor, postpartum hemorrhage, and an increased risk of gestational diabetes in subsequent pregnancies, extended hospital stays, and a significantly increased incidence of Type 2 diabetes postpartum.