How is acute pericarditis classified?

Written by Chen Tian Hua

Cardiology

Updated on March 11, 2025

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Acute pericarditis is classified according to the course of the disease, including acute fibrinous pericarditis and acute exudative pericarditis. If classified according to the cause, it can be divided into infectious pericarditis and non-infectious pericarditis. Infectious pericarditis can be caused by viruses, bacteria, tuberculosis, fungi, etc., while non-infectious pericarditis can be seen in tumors, uremia, acute myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, connective tissue disease, trauma, and cardiac surgery, etc.

Acute pericarditis is an acute inflammatory disease of the pericardium's parietal layer, and its occurrence requires timely diagnosis. It is also important to further clarify the specific cause of acute pericarditis and actively treat it.

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Written by Liu Ying

Cardiology

1min 8sec

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What are the symptoms of acute pericarditis?

Acute pericarditis is an acute inflammatory disease of the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium. The most common causes are viral infections and bacterial infections, but autoimmune diseases and uremia can also cause acute pericarditis. Characteristic pain behind the sternum or in the precordial area is common during the fibrinous exudative phase of the inflammation. This pain is associated with respiratory movements and often worsens with coughing, deep breathing, changes in body position, or swallowing. The nature of the pain is very sharp and can radiate to the neck, left shoulder, left arm, or even the upper abdomen. As the condition progresses, symptoms can shift from the fibrinous phase pain to dyspnea during the exudative phase. Some patients may develop significant pericardial effusion, leading to cardiac tamponade, and subsequently exhibit a range of related symptoms, including dyspnea and edema.

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Written by Liu Ying

Cardiology

42sec

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Early symptoms of acute pericarditis

The early symptoms of acute pericarditis are pain, which is located behind the sternum or in the precordial area, typically seen in the fibrin exudative type of inflammation. This pain arises from the friction between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium. The nature of the pain is very sharp and related to respiratory movement, commonly exacerbated by coughing, deep breathing, or swallowing. The pain can radiate to the neck, left shoulder, and left arm. As fluid accumulates in the pericardium and the two layers of the pericardium separate, the pain may decrease or disappear.

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Written by Liu Ying

Cardiology

1min 1sec

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Treatment of constrictive pericarditis

Constrictive pericarditis refers to a disease in which the heart is surrounded by a densely thickened fibrotic or calcified pericardium, restricting ventricular diastolic filling and producing a series of circulatory disorders, typically chronic in nature. In China, the most common cause of constrictive pericarditis is tuberculosis. Constrictive pericarditis is a progressive disease, and most patients will develop chronic constrictive pericarditis. At this stage, pericardiectomy is the only effective treatment method. It should be performed early to avoid complications such as cardiac cachexia, severe liver dysfunction, and myocardial atrophy, with surgery usually carried out after controlling the pericardial infection. For tuberculosis patients, anti-tuberculosis treatment should continue for one year after surgery.

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Written by Liu Ying

Cardiology

53sec

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Can acute pericarditis be cured?

Patients with acute pericarditis should identify the cause of pericarditis and treat accordingly, rest in bed until chest pain and fever subside, administer analgesics for pain relief, and if pericardial effusion occurs, administer corticosteroids for patients who do not respond well to other medications for absorbing effusion. In cases of excessive pericardial effusion leading to acute cardiac tamponade, immediate pericardiocentesis and fluid drainage are necessary. For persistent recurrent pericarditis lasting over two years, and in patients who cannot be controlled with steroids, or those with severe chest pain, surgical pericardiectomy may be considered as a treatment option.

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Written by Tang Li

Cardiology

1min 42sec

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What are the symptoms of pericarditis?

Fibrinous pericarditis is primarily characterized by precordial pain, similar to that seen in acute nonspecific pericarditis and infectious pericarditis. Tuberculous or neoplastic pericarditis that develops slowly may not show obvious pain symptoms. The nature of the pain can be sharp and related to respiratory movements. It is often exacerbated by coughing, deep breathing, changing body position, or swallowing. The pain is located in the precordial area and may radiate to the neck, left shoulder, left arm, and left scapula, and can also reach the upper abdomen. The pain can be compressive and located behind the sternum. The most prominent symptom of exudative pericarditis is dyspnea, which may be associated with bronchopulmonary compression and pulmonary congestion. In severe cases of dyspnea, the patient may sit up to breathe, leaning forward, with rapid and shallow breathing and pale complexion. There may be hepatomegaly, as well as compression of the trachea and esophagus causing dry cough, hoarseness, and difficulty swallowing. Rapid pericardial effusion can lead to acute cardiac tamponade, presenting with significant tachycardia and decreased blood pressure. Reduced pulse pressure and increased venous pressure, if the cardiac output significantly drops, can lead to shock. If the fluid accumulates slowly, it could lead to subacute or chronic cardiac tamponade, characterized by systemic venous congestion and distended jugular veins.