Symptoms of hypokalemia

Written by Wei Shi Liang
Intensive Care Unit
Updated on September 05, 2024
00:00
00:00

The clinical manifestations of hypokalemia are diverse, and the most life-threatening involve the cardiac conduction system and neuromuscular system. Mild hypokalemia is characterized on the electrocardiogram by flattened or absent T waves and the appearance of U waves. Severe hypokalemia can lead to fatal arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or sudden death. In the neuromuscular system, the most prominent symptoms of hypokalemia are skeletal muscle relaxation, paralysis, and loss of tone in smooth muscles, leading to rhabdomyolysis. When respiratory muscles are involved, it can lead to respiratory failure. Hypokalemia can also cause insulin resistance or hinder insulin release, leading to significant glucose intolerance. A decrease in potassium excretion results in a reduced ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine, causing polyuria and low specific gravity urine.

Other Voices

doctor image
home-news-image
Written by Gan Jun
Endocrinology
57sec home-news-image

Why is the urine acidic in hypokalemia?

When hypokalemia occurs, the concentration of potassium ions in the extracellular fluid decreases, causing potassium ions to shift from the inside to the outside of the cell. Meanwhile, two sodium ions and one hydrogen ion from the extracellular fluid move into the cell, decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions outside the cell, thus resulting in metabolic alkalosis. At the same time, due to the reduction of blood potassium, the potassium-sodium exchange in the renal tubules is reduced. The renal tubule cells exchange more hydrogen ions and sodium ions, thus increasing the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions and raising the pH value. This type of metabolic alkalosis increases the number of hydrogen ions inside cells, while the kidney secretes more hydrogen, thereby producing acidic urine, also known as paradoxical aciduria.

doctor image
home-news-image
Written by Wei Shi Liang
Intensive Care Unit
51sec home-news-image

How to radically cure hypokalemia?

Hypokalemia must be treated with potassium supplementation while simultaneously addressing the primary condition. For mild hypokalemia, oral potassium can be given in doses of 40 to 80 mmol/day. In cases of severe hypokalemia, where blood potassium is less than 2.0 mmol/L or when life-threatening symptoms are present, intravenous potassium should be administered at a rate of 10 to 20 mmol/L per hour. Regular monitoring of blood potassium levels is necessary, especially in cases of renal dysfunction and cellular uptake impairment. For life-threatening severe hypokalemia, potassium can be administered via central venous lines with close monitoring of blood potassium levels, and the infusion rate can reach up to 40 mmol/L, which can effectively cure hypokalemia.

doctor image
home-news-image
Written by Gan Jun
Endocrinology
43sec home-news-image

Patients with hypokalemia can have what kind of urine?

When patients have hypokalemia, they often exhibit paradoxical aciduria, which is a typical manifestation of hypokalemia. In hyperkalemia, however, there is paradoxical alkaline urine. When serum potassium ions decrease, the renal tubular epithelium reduces its potassium excretion function and instead increases hydrogen excretion, leading to increased reabsorption of sodium and bicarbonate. This results in metabolic alkalosis, causing an increase in plasma bicarbonate, unlike typical alkalosis where alkaline urine is excreted. However, in the case of hypokalemia, acidic urine is excreted, hence it is called paradoxical aciduria.

doctor image
home-news-image
Written by Wang Li Bing
Intensive Care Medicine Department
50sec home-news-image

How is hypokalemia diagnosed?

Hypokalemia refers to a blood potassium level below 3.5mmol/L. Clinically, it is mainly diagnosed through electrolyte tests and arterial blood gas analysis, which can confirm whether a patient has low potassium. After developing hypokalemia, patients may experience symptoms such as fatigue and limb weakness. At this point, treatment should include the oral administration of sustained-release potassium chloride tablets or intravenous infusion of potassium chloride, as well as advising the patient to consume potassium-rich vegetables and fruits to correct hypokalemia. Prolonged hypokalemia can lead to arrhythmia and even endanger the patient’s life. (Medications should be used under the guidance of a clinical doctor, according to the specific situation.)

doctor image
home-news-image
Written by Gan Jun
Endocrinology
51sec home-news-image

What should I do if hypokalemia suddenly occurs?

Hypokalemia is very common in clinical settings, generally caused by improper diet, insufficient supplementation, or excessive loss. It is recommended that patients first seek further examination at a hospital. If potassium deficiency is confirmed, mild cases can be treated with oral potassium supplements, while moderate to severe cases who experience muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, and arrhythmias should receive intravenous potassium supplementation in conjunction with oral treatment. It is also important to dynamically monitor electrolyte levels. In daily life, it is important to plan a diet that is rich in vitamins and trace elements, and treat the specific causes of the condition. It is recommended that patients continually monitor their fluid and electrolyte balance, abstain from smoking and limit alcohol consumption, and maintain good daily habits.