What are the symptoms of hydronephrosis?

Written by Zhou Qi
Nephrology
Updated on September 01, 2024
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Patients with hydronephrosis may not exhibit any symptoms. Whether symptoms are present depends on factors such as the extent of renal damage caused by hydronephrosis, the severity of the hydronephrosis, and the duration of hydronephrosis. Some patients might only notice the issue due to a lump in the abdomen or a swelling sensation in the lower back, prompting them to undergo ultrasound imaging that reveals hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis can cause renal colic, and patients may also experience nausea, vomiting, and reduced urine output. When hydronephrosis is complicated by infection, symptoms like chills, shivering, fever, and headache can occur. Some patients may first present clinically with a urinary tract infection, showing symptoms like fever, frequent urination, urgent urination, and painful urination. In rare cases, hydronephrosis can rupture and lead to bleeding.

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Nephrology
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How is hydronephrosis caused?

The causes of hydronephrosis can be divided into congenital, acquired, and external factors. Among these, acquired causes are the most common, primarily referring to obstructions in the urinary tract, such as stones that block the ureter, leading to hydronephrosis, inflammation, or ischemic damage. Scarring of the ureter can also result in hydronephrosis. Tumors or polyps in the renal pelvis and ureter may also cause obstructions leading to fluid accumulation. External causes mainly include diseases of retroperitoneal organs, such as abscesses, bleeding, tumors in the retroperitoneum, and pelvic tumors, like rectal cancer. Congenital causes mainly involve intrinsic narrowing of the ureter, ectopic vessels causing compression, and high insertion of the ureter, which are less common.

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Is hydronephrosis scary?

Hydronephrosis is rather alarming, as it harms the body in two main ways: First, it creates increased pressure inside the kidneys due to fluid accumulation in the urinary system. This pressure can compress kidney tissue, and if not resolved, may lead to irreversible kidney damage and renal failure. However, if hydronephrosis formed in the short term is quickly addressed by clearing the urinary system, it typically has minimal impact on kidney function. Another aspect relates to the causes of hydronephrosis, some of which are complicated issues, such as bladder cancer, rectal cancer, or cervical cancer in females. These cancers can press on the ureter, leading to hydronephrosis. Other causes, such as urolithiasis or benign prostatic hyperplasia, are relatively easier to manage.

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Will people with hydronephrosis have edema?

Hydronephrosis can potentially cause patients to exhibit symptoms of edema. Urine is produced by the kidneys and is expelled from the body through the urinary system, including the ureters and bladder. If there is an obstructive issue in the urinary system, the urine produced by the kidneys cannot be excreted smoothly, leading to hydronephrosis. When a large amount of fluid cannot be excreted, it eventually causes edema in the body. However, if the patient has hydronephrosis on only one side and the other kidney is healthy, the healthy kidney can fully compensate for the entire kidney function and sufficiently excrete fluids. Therefore, patients with unilateral hydronephrosis often do not show obvious signs of edema. But if a patient has bilateral hydronephrosis, and urine produced by both kidneys cannot be excreted, the patient will exhibit signs of edema.

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How is hydronephrosis diagnosed?

Strictly speaking, hydronephrosis cannot be considered an independent disease; it is merely a descriptive term in imaging, and is the result of many causes and various etiologies. It occurs because urine produced by the kidneys cannot smoothly pass through the ureters and bladder to be excreted from the body, leading to fluid accumulation in the renal pelvis and calyces. This may be caused by prostate enlargement, tumors in the urinary system, urinary system stones, or chronic inflammation and scarring of the ureters. Generally, hydronephrosis can be detected through imaging techniques, including urinary system ultrasound or CT, which can confirm the diagnosis.

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Kidney hydronephrosis atrophy symptoms

Severe hydronephrosis may cause kidney atrophy. The symptoms of the patient can be divided into two aspects: Firstly, hydronephrosis may cause some clinical symptoms, such as some patients may experience swelling in the lumbar and back area, and a decrease in urine output. Patients may suffer from spasms of the ureter due to obstruction of the urinary system, resulting in severe pain, and some patients may also have hematuria. On the other hand, the atrophy of kidney tissue caused by this hydronephrosis actually means the loss of kidney function. Patients may exhibit symptoms of renal failure, such as swelling of limbs, increased blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, anemia, and other clinical symptoms.